Transcript Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Introduction to
Anatomy & Physiology
Fall 2011
Chapter 1
Week 1
What is…
Anatomy
Physiology
Summary
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Discussion of the necessary life functions and
how each organ system plays several functions
to support the living organism
Discuss homeostasis and the diseases state that
develops when homeostatic mechanisms are out
of balance
Discuss anatomical landmarks, divide the body
into sections and planes and be able to identify
the body cavities and their components
Key Terms
Anatomical Position
Homeostatic
Imbalance
Physiology
Anatomy
Negative Feedback
Plane
Atoms
Organ
Positive Feedback
Cells
Organ System
Section
Homeostasis
Organism
Tissues
Anatomy vs Physiology
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Anatomy- study of the structure of the human
body and the relationship of its parts
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Anatomy is derived from the Greek words meaning to cut
(tomy) apart (ana)
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Physiology- study of body functions; how the
parts work
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How then are Anatomy and Physiology related?
Structure and Function
Anatomy and physiology are therefore
separate but, since function always reflects
structure they are inseparable. This is called
the principle of complimentarity of
structure and function
Structure Determines Functions
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The heart is a muscular chamber and is able to
pump the blood
Blood flows in one direction do to valves
located in the vessels
The lungs cannot pump blood because the walls
of its air sacs are very thin
But the exchange of gases and the bodies
oxygen supply occur in the lungs
Maintaining Life
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Maintain boundaries
Move
Respond to environmental changes
Take in and digest nutrients
Metabolism
Dispose of waste
Reproduce
Grow
Survival Needs
Organisms Survival
Depends on
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Body
Temperature
Atmospheric
Pressure
Why though?
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Why does the body need all that stuff and go
through all the trouble it does?
GOAL??????
Homeostasis
Literal translation is “unchanging”
Coined by Walter Cannon “wisdom
of the body”
The body is in a constant state of flux,
balancing between a range of normal values
that is never static
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Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms
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Communication - nervous and endocrine
systems
Factor: Variable
All homeostatic control mechanisms contain
Receptor
 Control center
 Effector
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Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms
Nervous and
Endocrine Systems
3 Components
Receptor
Control
Effector
Feedback
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Depressing the response or
negative feedback
Negative Feedback: Control
mechanism is shut off
Net effect of the response is
to shut off the original
stimulus or greatly reduce it
Control of blood glucose
levels by pancreatic
hormones
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Enhancing the response
or positive feedback:
Cascades
Rare
Blood clotting and birth
of a baby
Organism Level
Multiple Organ Systems
Organ System Level
Different Organs working together for a particular function
Organ
Composed of two or more tissue types
Performs a specific function
Tissues
Consists of groups of cells that have a common function
Cells
The smallest unit of life
Chemical Level: Atoms
Smallest part of matter ot the building blocks of matter
Combine to form molecules
Anatomical Position
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Necessary to standardize and simplify the study
of anatomy
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Anatomical position:
Standing,
 Facing the observer
 Palms facing forward
 Toes pointed toward the observer
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Always reference the left or right of the body as
you view it
Two Body Cavities
(*anatomical position*)
A. Ventral cavity:
1. Thoracic cavity- Right &
Left Pleural Cavity,
Mediastinum (inside is
Pericardial Cavity)
Diaphragm muscleseparates cavities
2. Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominal cavity, Pelvic
cavity
Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity
Two Body Cavities (*anatomical
position*)
B. Dorsal cavity:
1. Cranial cavity- skull &
brain
2. Spinal cavity- vertebral
column & spinal cord
Other Body Cavities
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Oral and digestive cavities
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities
Regional Terms
 Axial:
Head, neck and trunk
 Appendicular: Appendages
Anatomical Position
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Anatomical terminology can be divided
into 2 types:
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components of the body
terms that refer to direction, eg, proximal or
distal.
Body components
VI. Serous Membranes:
Serosa: double layered membrane that covers the walls and
outer surfaces of the organs
 Parietal- surrounding wall of body cavity
 Visceral- inside membrane that covers organs
Directional Relationships
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Anterior ( Ventral): toward the front of the body
Posterior (Dorsal): toward the back of the body
Superior (Cranial or cephalad): above; toward the
head
Inferior ( caudal): below; toward the feet
Medial: toward the midline; toward the mid-saggital
Lateral: away from the midline
Directional Terms
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Proximal: toward the body or root
Distal: away from the body or root
Superficial: toward the surface
Deep: away from the surface
Intermediate: between a more medial and a more
lateral structure
The wrist is ________ to the hand
 The breastbone is ________ to the spine
 The brain is _______ to the spinal cord
 The lungs are ________to the stomach
 The thumb is __________ to the fingers.
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Review: ALL descriptions of the human body and
movement start in anatomical position.
Anatomical Planes and
Directions
Planes
A.
B.
C.
Sagittal- cut in right & left halves; midsagittal is
exactly on midline
Coronal/Frontal- cut lengthwise or vertically; cut
into anterior & posterior halves
Transverse/Horizontal- crosswise, superior &
inferior halves
Oblique- cutting at a diagonal
Body Types:
Somatotype- body build or physique; determined by
gender, exercise, diet, & heredity
A. Endomorph large waistline or “apple-shaped” – risky health
 small waistline or “pear-shaped” –not as risky.
B. Mesomorph – medium waistline; medium build
C. Ectomorph – skinny waistline; skinny build