Transcript The Human Body: An Orientation

Ch. 1 Warm-Up
1. How is anatomy different from physiology?
2. What are the levels of organization of the
human body from smallest  largest?
3. List the 11 organ systems of the body.
Intro to Anatomy & Physiology
UNIT 1
Objectives:
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Explore the history of Anatomy & Physiology
Explain how structure complements function
Name the levels of structural organization
List the functions necessary for life
List the survival needs of the body
Define homeostasis and explain its significance
Use correct anatomical terms to describe the
body
• Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts
and their relationship to one another
• Physiology: the function of the body parts
• Complementarity of Structure & Function
▫ What a structure can do depends on its specific
form
▫ “Structure determines function”
Subdivisions of Anatomy
• Gross or Macroscopic
▫ parts visible to naked eye
• Microscopic
▫ Cytology: study of cells
▫ Histology: study of tissues
• Developmental
▫ Embryology: study changes that occur before
birth
History of Anatomy & Physiology
• Egyptians perfected
mummification
▫ Major organs cleaned
and placed in clay jars
▫ Body cavity filled with
sawdust-like materials
▫ Natron used to dry the
body
▫ Wrapped in linen
 Then covered in a
shroud
Ancient Egyptians
• In the process of mummifying people ancient
Egyptians were able to identify and document:
▫ Heart & vessels
▫ Liver
▫ Spleen
▫ Kidneys
▫ Uterus
▫ Bladder
▫ Hypothalamus
**Even though they didn’t really know what they did
or how they worked…**
Ancient Greece
• Hippocrates
▫ Hippocratic Corpus
▫ Hippocratic Oath
• Aristotle
▫ Father of comparative
anatomy (based off of
dissections)
• 1st recorded school of
anatomy
▫ Alexandria
 The 1st to allow cutting and
examination of dead bodies
(criminals only)
Ancient Greece gets weird…
• Galen
▫ Performed vivisections on monkeys and pigs to
gain physiological understanding
 YES, that means cutting open something while it is
still alive…
▫ Studied wounds of Gladiators
 Called wounds “windows into the body”
 Only 5 gladiators died under his care
16th Century
• Anatomical Theatres
▫ People traveled extreme distances to watch professors
teach during dissections
 Stadium style seating
 Increased the number of people who could benefit from
each cadaver
 Increased grave robbing
▫ The discovery of electricity opened another can of
worms…
 Galvanism: contraction of muscle due to electric current
 Ideas for Shelley’s “Frankenstein”
17th & 18th Centuries
• Many artists trained in anatomy
in order to produce life-like
artwork
▫ Leonardo da Vinci
▫ Michelangelo
▫ Rembrandt
• This included attending lectures,
public dissections, and private
studies
• Only certified anatomists were
allowed to perform dissections,
but anyone could watch for a
certain price
Levels of Structural Organization
atomic  molecular  cellular  tissue 
organ  organ system  organism
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Functions Necessary for Humans to Live
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Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside)
Movement (internal & external)
Responsiveness: sense changes and respond
Digestion: break down foods for absorption
Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body
Excretion: remove wastes
Reproduction: cell division, whole organism
Growth: increase in size/part
Survival Needs
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Nutrients (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Salt, etc.)
Oxygen
Water
Normal Body Temperature (98.6F or 37C)
Atmospheric Pressure & Gravity
▫ “Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach
Homeostasis
• Maintain relatively stable internal conditions
• Receptor (input)  control center  effector
(response)
• Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of
stimulus
▫ Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar levels
• Positive (+) feedback: increases response
▫ Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting
• Diseases = homeostatic imbalance
Anatomical Position
• Body erect, feet slightly apart, palm face
forward, thumbs pointing out
Terms you need to know:
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Superior (cranial)
Inferior (caudal)
Ventral (anterior)
Dorsal (posterior)
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial (external)
Deep (internal)
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Axial
Appendicular
Saggital plane
Frontal (coronal)
plane
• Transverse
(horizontal) plane
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
Regional Terms
• Axial: main part of body
= head, neck, & trunk
• Appendicular: limbs
attached to axis
The body can be divided into flat surfaces called planes
• Sagittal plane
▫ divides into right/left
• Frontal/coronal plane
▫ divides into anterior/posterior
• Transverse/horizontal plane
▫ divides into superior/inferior
Which plane is shown below?
kidneys
brain
thigh
Body Cavities
• Dorsal body cavity:
▫ Cranial cavity
▫ Vertebral/spinal cavity
• Ventral body cavity
▫ Thoracic
 lungs, heart, trachea,
esophagus
▫ Abdominopelvic
 digestive,
reproductive, urinary
Body Cavities
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Oral cavity (within mouth)
Nasal cavity (inside nose)
Orbital cavities (hold the eyes)
Middle ear cavities (in skull, transmit & amplify sound)
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Abdominopelvic Regions