Transcript The Language of Anatomy

1
An Introduction
to Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction
All living organisms share the
following characteristics:
• Responsiveness
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Movement
• Metabolism
• Homeostasis
Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Anatomists study:
• Internal and external structure
• Physical relationships among
body parts
Physiologists study:
• How organisms perform vital
functions
Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Gross anatomy
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“Naked eye” anatomy
Surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
Sectional anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
• Cytology: study of individual cells
• Histology: study of tissues
Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Human physiology:
Study of human body function
• Cell physiology- cells
• Special physiology- organs
• System physiology- systems
• Pathological physiology- disease
Levels of Organization
Life is built on successive levels of
increasing complexity:
• Chemical (or Molecular)
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
Organ
System Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Organism
Level
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Skeletal
Urinary
Integumentary
Reproductive
Organ
Level
The
heart
Cardiac
muscle
tissue
Atoms in
combination
Heart
muscle
cell
Complex protein
molecule
Protein filaments
Chemical or
Molecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Cellular Level
(Chapter 3)
Tissue Level
(Chapter 4)
Overview of Organ Systems
The human body is arranged in 11
organ systems:
• Integumentary
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Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
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Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Introduction to Organ Systems
Key Note
The body can be divided
into 11 organ systems, but
all work together and the
boundaries between them
aren’t absolute.
Endocrine Skeletal
System
System
Muscular
System
Nervous
System
Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary
System
System
System
System
Integumentary Cardiovascular
System
System
Male
Reproductive
System
Female
Reproductive
System
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis
• Maintains stable internal conditions
• Temperature, heart rate, breathing
• Ionic concentrations
• Blood sugar levels, etc.
• Utilizes feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Regulation
Regulation depends on:
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Receptor sensitive to a
particular stimulus
Control Center processes
information
Effector that affects(responds
to) the same stimulus
RECEPTOR
Normal
condition
disturbed
Thermometer
Information
affects
STIMULUS:
Room temperature
rises
CONTROL CENTER
(Thermostat)
HOMEOSTASIS
Normal
room
temperature
RESPONSE:
Room temperature
drops
Normal
condition
restored
EFFECTOR
Air conditioner
turns on
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20o 30o 40o
Sends
commands
to
Figure 1-3
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Homeostatic Regulation
Negative Feedback:
• Variation outside normal limits
triggers automatic corrective
response
• Response negates/opposes
disturbance
RECEPTOR
STIMULUS
Information
affects
Body’s
temperature
sensors
Information
affects
RECEPTOR
Body’s
temperature
sensors
CONTROL
CENTER
Body temperature
falls below 37.2oC
(99oF)
Body temperature
rises above 37.2oC
(99oF)
RESPONSE
Increased blood flow
to skin
Increased sweating
Stimulus removed
Homeostasis restored
Control
mechanism
when body
temperature
rises
EFFECTOR
Negative
feedback
STIMULUS
Blood vessels
and sweat
glands in skin
Control
mechanism
when body
temperature
falls
Thermoregulatory
center in brain
Sends
commands
to
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sends
commands
to
RESPONSE
Decreased blood flow
to skin
Decreased sweating
Shivering
Stimulus removed
Homeostasis restored
EFFECTOR
Blood vessels
Negative
and sweat glands feedback
in skin
Skeletal muscles
Figure 1-4
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Homeostatic Regulation
Positive Feedback:
• Stimulus produces response that
reinforces the stimulus
• Response rapidly completes
critical process
Homeostatic Regulation
Figure 1-5
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis and Disease
• Failure of homeostatic regulation
results in illness or disease
• First symptoms appear
• Then organ systems malfunction
Homeostatic Regulation
Key Note
Physiological systems work
together to maintain a stable
internal environment. They
monitor and adjust internal
conditions.
The Language of Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
• Anatomical Position
• Hands at side
• Palms forward
• Feet together
• Supine: Face up/foward
• Prone: Face down/back
The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Regions
• Two methods to map abdominal
and pelvic regions
• Four abdominopelvic quadrants
• Nine abdominopelvic regions
The Language of Anatomy
The Language of Anatomy
The Language of Anatomy
The Language of Anatomy
A few anatomical directions:
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Anterior ( ventral) - front
Posterior ( dorsal) - back
Superior - above
Inferior - below
Lateral – side to side
Medial - between
Proximal - close
Distal - further
The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Planes
and Sections
• Transverse plane
• Seperates top/bottom
• Frontal plane
• Seperates front/back
• Sagittal plane
• Seperates left/right
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-9
The Language of Anatomy
Ventral body cavity
• Protects delicate organs
• Permits organ growth and movement
• Surrounds:
• Respiratory
• Cardiovascular
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive organs
The Language of Anatomy
Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:
• Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavities (R and L)
• Pericardial cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Peritoneal membrane
The Language of Anatomy
Microscopes!!!