Transcript Human Bones
HUMAN BONES Mr. Nichols PHHS COTD COTD COTD COTD Breaking News • The long lost truck of Frank Prior was dropped off at the Diner during some point between 11pm and 5am last night/this morning. • AJ closed the Diner at 10pm last night to which there was no truck to be seen. When AJ opened the Diner at 6am the truck was parked on the east side of the parking lot. • After analysis of the truck a couple interesting materials were recovered. • -Scraps of metal, large and small ribbons (some dust as well probably due to the cutting of large metal chunks.) Other Contents • Fingerprints from the passenger seat glove box were recovered, these finger prints belong to Sonya Prior. • According to pharmacy records Sonya has not had her medication filled in 5 weeks. • The truck was unusually clean on the interior, it looked as though someone had been vacuuming it on a regular basis. • Dirt from the tire treads are consistent with the soil composition of outside the city near the refinery/mine. • On the back bumper and camper there appears to be 4 bullet holes that have rusted around the edges. Witness Report • Dr. Ainsworth from a 2nd floor patient’s window said he saw the glare of headlights and a truck pull up to the Diner, while he wasn’t paying complete attention he claims “I thought I saw someone from over by the new church running to meet the driver.” • Molly Boyle was returning home from a general store shopping run when she saw the following: • “From the only road leading to the graveyard I saw this truck speeding past me, it was swerving, there were two people in the truck, and it definitely had something heavy and big in the back camper.” Breaking News Bone Composition • Bone is very strong for its relatively light weight • The major components of bone are: Cortical Bone Spongy Bone • Calcium carbonate • Calcium phosphate • Collagen • Water Medullary (marrow) cavity Bone Composition Cont’d • Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate: • Make up 60-70% of bone weight • Provide much of the bone’s stiffness and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces • Collagen (a protein): • Gives bone its characteristic flexibility and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces • With aging, collagen is lost progressively and bone becomes more brittle. • Water • Bone consists of much smaller proportion of water than other body parts Skull • Divided into two parts: a) Calvaria b) Face a) Calvaria Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Temporal Bone b) Facial Bones Lacrimal Bone Nasal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Bone Mandible Bone Vertebral Column 7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck) Lumbar vertebra, lateral view 12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest) Lumbar vertebra, superior view 5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back) Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks) Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone) Ribs • Twelve pairs • Made up of : • bone • cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to expand. Curved and slightly twisted making it ideal to protect the chest area Ribs Cont’d • Classified into three groups based on anterior attachment: (picture) • True ribs • 1-7 • attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum • False ribs • 8-10 • attach only to the sternum indirectly, through 7th rib • Floating ribs • 11 and 12 • only attach to the vertebral column The Ribs Manubrium Sternal Body True Ribs (1-7) Xiphoid Process False Ribs (8-10) Costal Cartilages Floating Ribs (11-12) Sternum • Mid-line breast bone • The clavicles and ribs one to seven articulate with the sternum Sternum – comprised of the manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process Clavicle 1.Pectoral Girdle Consists of: Scapula • Scapula (shoulder blade) • Clavicle (collar bone) Allows the upper limb great mobility The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of attachment between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle 2. Pelvic Girdle • Formed by pair of os coxae (hip bones) • supports the bladder and abdominal contents • Attachment: • Posteriorly – join with the sacrum • Anteriorly - join to each other anteriorly • Laterally – join to the head of thigh bone through a cup-shaped acetabulum 3. Upper Limb Humerus • Humerus • The arm bone • shoulder to elbow Radius • Radius and Ulna • The forearm bones Ulna • elbow to wrist • the radius being located on the thumb side of the hand • when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually crossing over the ulna - try it yourself Upper Limb Cont. Carpals Proximal Phalanx Metacarpals Phalanges Distal Phalanx Middle Phalanx 4. Lower Limb • Femur • thigh bone Femur • from hip to knee • Patella • knee cap • sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps muscles (thigh) Patella Lower Limb Cont’d • Tibia and Fibula • leg bones • From knee to ankle • Tibia is medial and fibula is Fibula lateral • Medial malleolus and Lateral malleolus • The distal ends of the tibia and fibula, respectively • commonly referred to as the "ankle bones" • can be easily palpated Tibia Lat. malleolus Med. malleolus Lower Limb Cont’d Talus • Tarsals • ankle bones • calcaneus or the heel bone • talus Calcaneus • Metatarsals • 5 bones of the foot Tarsals • unite with the toes • Phalanges • toe bones • three per toe except the big Metatarsals toe - proximal, middle and distal Phalanges