Transcript SECTION 2
1 Anatomic Definitions 1 Objectives • Define the terms: anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and homeostasis • Define the terms: anatomic position; sagittal, midsagittal, transverse, and frontal planes • Use proper terminology to describe the location of body parts with respect to one another Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Anatomic Position (1 of 3) • Topographic anatomy • Terms that describe the position and movement of the body • Anatomic position • Universal position from which all body positions and movements are described Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Anatomic Position (2 of 3) • Universal position • Subject stands upright, facing the observer with arms straight and palms forward Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Anatomic Position (3 of 3) • Directional terms • Always pertain to the patient’s right or left Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Anatomic Planes (1 of 5) • Frontal (coronal) plane • Divides the body into front and back parts • Anterior or ventral • Situated toward the front of the body • Posterior or dorsal • Situated toward the back of the body Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Anatomic Planes (2 of 5) • Transverse (cross-horizontal) plane • Divides the body into the cranial and caudad parts • Cranial (cephalad) or superior • Refers to a structure that is closer to the head or higher than another structure • Caudad or inferior • Refers to a structure that is closer to the feet or lower than another structure Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Anatomic Planes (3 of 5) •Median (midsagittal) plane or midline •Passes longitudinally from front to back through the middle of the body and divides the body into left and right halves •Medial •Situated toward the midline of a structure or organ •Lateral •Situated away from the midline of a structure or organ Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Anatomic Planes (4 of 5) • Sagittal plane • Vertical plane parallel to the median plane, dividing the body into unequal left and right parts Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Anatomic Planes (5 of 5) Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Proximal and Distal • Proximal • Nearer to or toward the trunk of the body • Distal • Farther from the trunk and toward the free end of an extremity Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Imaginary Lines (1 of 2) • Midaxillary line • Vertical line drawn through the axilla to the waist • Anterior axillary line • Parallel line drawn just an inch or so in front of the midaxillary line • Posterior axillary line • A parallel line drawn an inch or so behind the midaxillary line Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Imaginary Lines (2 of 2) • Midclavicular line • Vertical line through the middle portion of the clavicle and parallel to the midline Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Abdominal Quadrants (1 of 2) • • • • Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Abdominal Quadrants (2 of 2) • Purpose of boundaries • Specific organs are located in each of the four quadrants, and pain or injury can be described as being in a quadrant Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Movement (1 of 7) • Range of motion (ROM) The full distance that a joint can be moved Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Movement (2 of 7) • Flexion • From the anatomic position, moving a distal point of an extremity closer to the trunk • Flexion of the elbow brings the hand closer to the shoulder • Flexion of the knee brings the foot up to the buttocks • Flexion of the fingers forms the hand into a fist Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Movement (3 of 7) • Extension • Motion associated with the return of a body part from a flexed position to the anatomic position • In the anatomic position, all extremities are in extension Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Movement (4 of 7) • Possible neck positions when the patient is found in the supine position: • Neutral • Extension • Flexion Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Movement (5 of 7) • Internal rotation • Describes turning an extremity medially toward the midline • External rotation • Describes turning an extremity away from the midline Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Movement (6 of 7) • Rotation can be applied to the spine • Spine is rotated when it twists on its axis • Placing the chin on the shoulder rotates the cervical spine Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Movement (7 of 7) • Abduction • Moves an extremity away from the midline • Adduction • Moves the extremity toward the midline Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Positions (1 of 5) • Recumbent • The patient is lying down or leaning back • Supine • A body that is resting on its back with the face upward Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Positions (2 of 5) • Prone • A body that is lying with the face and abdomen downward Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Positions (3 of 5) • Fowler's • A patient who is sitting up • Semi-Fowler's • A patient who is sitting up but with the upper body slightly leaning back Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Positions (4 of 5) • Trendelenburg's • A modification of the supine position for patients with symptoms of hypoperfusion • The patient has lower extremities elevated approximately 12" to help blood flow to the torso and brain Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS 1 Positions (5 of 5) • Recovery • Used for patients who have not sustained trauma to the neck or back • Used to help drain fluids from the mouth Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, AAOS