Transcript Organ System Level

Chapter 1
The Human Organism
Cells of the Peritoneum
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Anatomy and Physiology – Say What?!
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Anatomy : study of structures of body
– Systemic - study of body by organ systems
– Regional - study of body by areas
– Surface - uses superficial structures to
locate deeper structures
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Physiology : study of processes and
functions of body
Structural & Functional Organization
Six Levels of Organization
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chemical Level
Cell Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organism Level
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level
Atoms (p,n,e)
combine to form
molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules form
organelles, such as
the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level
Similar cells and
surrounding
materials make up
tissues
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level Atoms
(colored balls) combine
to form molecules
2. Cell Level Molecules
form organelles
(nucleus,mitochondria,
etc), which make up
cells
3. Tissue Level Similar
cells and surrounding
materials make up
tissues
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level
Atoms (colored
balls) combine to
form molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules form
organelles, such as
the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level
Similar cells and
surrounding
materials make up
tissues
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ Level Different
tissues combine to
form organs (urinary
bladder)
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ Level
Different tissues
combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs (urinary
bladder & kidneys)
make up organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ Level
Different tissues
combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism
Organ
systems of
the human
body and
their
associated
organs
Fig. 1.3a
Organ
systems of
the human
body and
their
associated
organs
Fig. 1.3b
Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: all parts of organism interact to
2.
3.
perform specific functions
Metabolism: chemical & physical changes taking
place in organism
Responsiveness: adjustments that maintain
internal environment
Growth: increase in size of all/part of organism
4.
5. Development: changes organism undergoes
through time
6. Reproduction: formation of new cells or new
organisms
Homeostasis
• Existence and maintenance of a
relatively constant internal environment
– set point: ideal normal value (body temp)
• normal range: fluctuation around set point
Homeostasis
• maintained by neg & pos feedback
mechanisms
– Negative feedback turns off the original
stimulus
– Positive feedback enhances and upregulates the initial stimulus (often harmful
to the body)
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Terminology and Body Plane
• Body Positions
– Anatomical position
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human standing erect
face directed forward
arms hanging to sides
palms facing forward (supine)
– If laying down..
• Supine – palms face up
• Prone – palms face down
Terminology and Body Plane
• Directional terms
– Always refer to anatomical position
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Right
Left
Superior
Inferior
Cephalic
Caudal
Anterior
Posterior
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Ventral
Dorsal
Proximal
Distal
Lateral
Medial
Superficial
Deep
Body Parts & Regions
Fig. 1.11
Body Parts & Regions
Fig. 1.12
Body Planes
• Sagittal plane: divides
body into left and right
• Transverse plane:
divides body into
superior and inferior
• Frontal (coronal) plane:
divides body into
anterior and posterior
Fig. 1.13
Organ Planes
• Longitudinal section:
along its long axis
• Cross (transverse)
section: right angle to
long axis
• Oblique section:
across long axis at an
angle other than a right
angle
Fig. 1.14
Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity: bounded by ribs and diaphragm
• Abdominal cavity: bounded by diaphragm and
abdominal muscles
• Pelvic cavity: surrounded by pelvic bones
Fig. 1.15
Serous Membranes
• Parietal membrane: lines wall of cavity
• Visceral membrane: is in contact with internal organs
• Serous fluid: secreted by serous membrane and protects
organs against friction
Serous Membranes
• Pericardial cavity:
surrounds the heart
• Pleural cavities:
surround the lungs
Serous Membranes
• Peritoneal cavity:
surrounds certain
abdominal and pelvic
organs
– Mesenteries hold abdominal
organs in place & provide a
passageway for blood
vessels, nerves to organs
– Retroperitoneal organs
located “behind” parietal
peritoneum
• Kidneys, adrenals, pancreas,
bladder, part of intestine