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BIOL 232 - Additional Abbreviated Slides Useful for Exam #2 Please note: These slides have NOTES ATTACHED TO THEM that will help you to know and understand specifics in understanding each given topic on the slide shown. The notes are embedded within this PowerPoint file. If you do not know how to access them, look below this slide to the large grey line and move your cursor over this line until you can click on it and move the line upwards. This will reveal the notes for each slide. Figure 7.38 Different growth rates of body parts determine body proportions. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial joints in the early 1960s. Fibrous Joints – joints that are created via fibrous connective tissues that are going to allow virtually no movement. Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints. (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Suture line Dense fibrous connective tissue Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints. (b) Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Fibula Tibia Ligament Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints. (c) Gomphosis “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Socket of alveolar process Root of tooth Periodontal ligament Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Braces & Retainers….. Associated With Gomphosis Joints Cartilaginous Joints – joints that are created via cartilage these joints allow a small amount of movement. Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints. (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints. (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Hyaline cartilage Pubic symphysis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint. Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous capsule Articular Synovial capsule membrane Periosteum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.3 Figure 8.4 Bursae and tendon sheaths. Coracoacromial ligament Acromion of scapula Subacromial bursa Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Fibrous articular capsule Hyaline cartilage Tendon sheath Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid Humerus resting Bursa rolls and lessens friction. Synovial membrane Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Fibrous capsule Humerus (a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. Humerus moving (b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone Figure 8.7a–c Figure 8.7d Figure 8.13a The temporomandibular (jaw) joint. Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Zygomatic process Infratemporal fossa External acoustic meatus Lateral ligament Articular capsule Ramus of mandible (a) Location of the joint in the skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint. Superior view Outline of the mandibular fossa (c)Lateral excursion: lateral (side-to-side) movements of the mandible Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.15 Paranasal sinuses. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus (a) Anterior aspect Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Medial aspect Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus Typical Male Typical Female Averages based upon similar weight and height . Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.