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Module Outline: Imaging Basics
This module will …
• Highlight key events in the historical development of imaging
• Identify techniques used in modern imaging departments
• Review which techniques do or do not use ionizing radiation
• Explain radiological orientations, directions & conventions
Module Author: Imaging Basics
Andrew Farrall
Dr Farrall came to the Division of Clinical Neurosciences in 2002 from
Canada, where he trained as a Radiologist in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He
obtained an MD in 1997 from the University of Calgary in Alberta, an
MSc in 1995 from the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario,
and a BSc (Hons) from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver
in 1990.
He has part time appointments as a Fellow at the University of
Edinburgh and as a Consultant Neuroradiologist in the NHS, with
sessions at the Western General Hospital & at St. John's Hospital. His
main interests are in Stroke Neuroradiology & the role of Magnetic
Resonance in its investigation. Lacunar stroke, dementias & small
vessel disease form the core of his research. He is also interested in
teaching issues in Neuroradiology.
The slides that follow are
those used for the final
presentation
Module:
Techniques & Physics
Lecture:
Imaging Basics
Description:
History, terminology & orientation
Author:
Dr. Andrew Farrall
Objectives:
• Highlight key events in the historical development of
imaging
• Identify techniques used in modern imaging
departments
• Review which techniques do or do not use ionizing
radiation
• Explain radiological orientations, directions &
conventions
Prerequisites:
• There are no pre-requisites for this session
Brief Historical Outline
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 which is
generally accepted as being the birth of radiology.
Since that time, X-ray radiology technology has taken advantage of
technological advancements in image capture & representation, and
also has evolved with computing advances.
Also, other techniques for imaging have been developed, some using
radiation and others not.
What follows is a timeline summary of some key events in the history of
imaging.
Imaging Orientation & Direction
“Superior” refers to anything above your point of reference, where
above means in a direction towards the top of the head e.g. the nose is
superior to the lips
Superiorly
Inferiorly
“Inferior” refers to anything below your point of reference, where below
means in a direction towards the feet e.g. the lips are inferior to the
nose.
Image Conventions
Patient’s right side
Therefore, the RIGHT side of a
radiological image as you look at it is
the patient’s LEFT side; the LEFT
side of a radiological image is the
patient’s RIGHT side.
Superior
Patient’s left side
By convention, when we view
images, we look at them as though
we are actually looking at the patient
“face-to-face”.
Skull X-ray
Often a marker “R” or “L” embedded
in the film indicates which is the
patient’s right or left.
Inferior
Modern Imaging Departments
Imaging techniques used in modern imaging departments can be
divided into those which use ionizing radiation and those which do not.
Radiation
No Radiation
Modern Imaging Departments
Two commonly used techniques which do not use ionizing radiation to
create images are Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound
(US).
Radiation
No Radiation
Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging
Ultrasound
Imaging Orientation & Direction
“Lateral” refers to anything lying towards the sides, left or right, relative
to your point of reference
Laterally right
Laterally left
Medial
“Medial” refers to anything lying towards a plane running through the
middle of the body, dividing it into left and right halves e.g. the nose lies
medially to the eyes.
Summary
You should now be able to:
• Outline the historical development of imaging
•
Identify techniques used in modern imaging departments
•
Identify which techniques do or do not use ionizing radiation
•
Distinguish between techniques which use ionizing radiation
•
Understand radiological orientations, directions & convention
End of presentation
Module Resources: Imaging Basics
• Books
o
Huda W, Stone R, Review of radiologic physics.
Williams & Wilkins, Media, PA, 1995.
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Matching):
(1) Match the correct date with the corresponding event:
First magnetic resonance image
published
1946
Functional magnetic resonance
imaging becomes feasible
1973
First successful magnetic resonance
experiment
1977
First human magnetic resonance
image obtained
1991
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(1) Match the correct date with the corresponding event:
First magnetic resonance image
published
1946
Functional magnetic resonance
imaging becomes feasible
1973
First successful magnetic resonance
experiment
1977
First human magnetic resonance
image obtained
1991
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Ranking):
(2) Put the following events into the correct order:
First successful (NMR) experiment
Radioactivity discovered
X-rays discovered
Scintillation camera developed
Ultrasound in clinical practice starts
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(2) Put the following events into the correct order:
First successful (NMR) experiment
3
Radioactivity discovered
2
X-rays discovered
1
Scintillation camera developed
5
Ultrasound in clinical practice starts
4
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Matrix):
(3) Match the person with the underlying imaging principle:
Edward Purcell
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Antoine-Henri Becquerel
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Ernest Lawrence
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Godfrey Hounsfield
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Paul Lauterbur
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Felix Bloch
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answers:
(3) Match the person with the underlying imaging principle:
Edward Purcell
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Antoine-Henri Becquerel
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Ernest Lawrence
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Godfrey Hounsfield
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Paul Lauterbur
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Felix Bloch
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
X-rays
Radioactivity
MR
Ultrasound
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Multiple response):
(4) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on ionizing radiation
to create images:
SPECT
MRI
CT
PET
Ultrasound
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(4) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on ionizing radiation
to create images:
SPECT
MRI
CT
PET
Ultrasound
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Multiple response):
(5) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on injection of
radiating isotopes to create images:
Ultrasound
CT
SPECT
PET
MRI
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(5) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on injection of
radiating isotopes to create images:
Ultrasound
CT
SPECT
PET
MRI
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (True/False):
(6) With reference to the image of the head:
“a” lies laterally to the nearest eye
a
b
c
“b” lies medially to both eyes
“b” lies superiorly to the mouth
d
e
“d” lies superiorly to the mouth
“e” lies inferiorly to the nose
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(6) With reference to the image of the head:
a
b
c
“a” lies laterally to the nearest eye
True
“b” lies medially to both eyes
True
“b” lies superiorly to the mouth
True
“d” lies superiorly to the mouth
True
“e” lies inferiorly to the nose
True
d
e
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (True/False):
(7) With reference to the image of the head:
“a” lies posteriorly to the ear
b
“b” lies superiorly to the ear
a
c
“c” lies anteriorly to the ear
d
e
“c” lies inferiorly to the eye
“c” lies posteriorly to the nose
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(7) With reference to the image of the head:
b
a
c
“a” lies posteriorly to the ear
True
“b” lies superiorly to the ear
True
“c” lies anteriorly to the ear
True
“c” lies inferiorly to the eye
True
“c” lies posteriorly to the nose
True
d
e
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Drag & drop):
(8) Place the labels adjacent to the appropriate images:
Ground or Floor
Supine
Prone
Upright or erect
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(8) Place the labels adjacent to the appropriate images:
Prone
Ground or Floor
Upright or erect
Supine
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Drag & drop):
(9) Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed
frontal skull X-ray in the appropriate locations:
Anterior
Posterior
Superior
Inferior
Right
Left
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(9) Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed
frontal skull X-ray in the appropriate locations:
Superior
Anterior
Posterior
Right
Left
Inferior
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Drag & drop):
(10) Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed
axial head CT image in the appropriate locations:
Anterior
Posterior
Superior
Inferior
Right
Left
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(10) Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed
axial head CT image in the appropriate locations:
Anterior
Superior
Right
Left
Inferior
Posterior
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Fill in the blank):
(11) Using conventional imaging terminology, the projection of
the skull X-ray illustrated below is: ________________
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(11) Using conventional imaging terminology, the projection of
the skull X-ray illustrated below is: lateral
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Question (Matrix):
(12) Select the orientation of the section defined by the orange plane:
Axial
Coronal
Sagittal
Axial
Coronal
Sagittal
Axial
Coronal
Sagittal
Axial
Coronal
Sagittal
Learning Activities: Imaging Basics
Answer:
(12) Select the orientation of the section defined by the orange plane:
Axial
Coronal
Sagittal
Axial
Coronal
Sagittal
Axial
Coronal
Sagittal
Axial
Coronal
Sagittal