Transcript Slide 1

Object Databases
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A D VA N C E D D ATA B A S E S Y S T E M S
D R . FAT E M E H A H M A D I - A B K E N A R I
Limitations of Relational Data Model
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Blob
- Video
- DNA Sequences
- VLSI Chip designs
Binary Large Object
Examples
MOVIE (Name: String, Director: String, Video: blob)
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SELECT M. Director
FROM MOVIE M
WHERE M. Name = ‘ MMMMM’
Frames between 20000 and 50000
Burdening the database
Huge
Overhead
?
Only with Specialized
operation for a special
Blob type
e.g.
frameRange (from, to)
Limitations of Relational Data Model
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Person
IsA Hierarchies
Student
PERSON (Name: String, SSN: String)
ER or UML extract
STUDENT (SSN: String, Major: String)
SELECT S. Name
FROM
STUDENT S
WHERE S. Major = ‘CE’
Reject by SQL-92
No explicit presence
of Name attribute
SELECT P. Name
FROM
PERSON P, STUDENT S
WHERE P.SSN=S.SSN AND S. Major = ‘CE’
More Complex
No E-R or UML
based query
language
Limitations of Relational Data Model
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Impedance mismatch in database languages
- Database applications are written in host
languages such as C or Java
Fact
- Databases are accessed by executing SQL
- SQL is a set oriented language and returns
a set of tuples.
- Host languages do not support high level
operations on relations.
- Host Languages are of procedural nature
(how) while SQL is of declarative nature
(what).
Problems
Limitations of Relational Data Model
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Set-valued attributes
Relational data model is unable to handle setvalued attributes in natural way. An inevitable
redundancy is a result.
PERSON (SSN: String, Name: String, PhoneN: String, Child: String )
SSN
Name
PhoneN
Child
111-22-3333
Joe Public
516-123-4567
222-33-4444
111-22-3333
Joe Public
516-345-6789
222-33-4444
111-22-3333
Joe Public
516-123-4567
333-44-5555
111-22-3333
Joe Public
516-345-6789
333-44-5555
222-33-4444
Bob Public
212-987-6543
444-55-6666
222-33-4444
Bob Public
212-987-1111
555-66-7777
222-33-4444
Bob Public
212-987-6543
555-66-7777
222-33-4444
Bob Public
212-987-1111
444-55-6666
If a person has
several PhoneN
and several
Children
Not in Third
Normal Form
SSN
Name
Conceptual Object Data Model (CODM)
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Classes
Similar Objects are organized into Classes
Classes play the same role in CODM that Relations play
in Relational Databases.
In SQL-92 a Database is a set of Relations and each
Relation is a set of Tuples.
In CODM a Database is a set of Classes and each Class
is a set of Objects.
A Class has a Type , a Method Signature (a schema) and an
Extent. The Method Implementation is not part of CODM.
In Object Data Model, two classes can have the Sub/Super
Class Relationship or IsA Relationship.
Conceptual Object Data Model (CODM)
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Terminology
Extent of a Class
Type of a Class
Method Signature
of a Class
The set of all objects
in a class
The common
structure of all
objects in a class
Declarations of
operations that can
be applied to the
objects in a class
Conceptual Object Data Model (CODM)
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Objects and Values
Arrays
List
Structures, …
(# 32, [ SSN:111-22-3333,
Name: Joe Public,
Phone: {“516-123-4567”, “516-345-6789”},
Child: {#445, #73}] )
oid (Object ID)
Complex Values
The Value part:
 Primitive value (A member of Integer, String, Float, …)
 Reference value (An oid of an object)
 Tuple value: [A1:v1, … , A2:v2]
 Set value: {v1, v2}
Objects in SQL 1999/2003
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User-Defined Types (UDT)
Abstract data type
CREATE TYPE PERSONTYPE AS (
Name CHAR (20),
Address ROW (Number INTEGER, Street CHAR (20), ZIP CHAR (5) )
CREATE TYPE STUDENTTYPE UNDER PERSONTYPE AS (
Id INTEGER,
Status CHAR (2) )
METHOD award_degree () RETURNS BOOLEAN;
CREATE METHOD award_degree () FOR STUDENTTYPE
LANGUAGE C
EXTERNAL NAME ‘file:/…/…/award_degree’;
Objects in SQL 1999/2003
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Using User-Defined Types
CREATE TYPE TRANSCRIPT (
Student STUDENTTYPE,
Creating Table
CrsCode CHAR(6),
Semester CHAR (6),
CREATE TABLE TRANSCRIPT1 OF
Grade CHAR(1) )
TRANSCRIPT
Adding
Objects
INSERT INTO TRANSCRIPT1 (Student, Course, Semester, Grade)
VALUES (NEW StudentType()
.Id (987676767)
. Status (‘H5’)
. Name (‘John Smith’)
. Address (ROW (456, ‘Florida Ave’, ‘5454545’)),
‘ADS’,
‘F911’
‘A’)
Objects in SQL 1999/2003
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Reference Types
CREATE TABLE TRANSCRIPT1 (
Student REF (STUDENTTYPE) SCOPE STUDENT2 ,
CrsCode CHAR(6) ,
Semester CHAR (6) ,
Grade
CHAR (1) )
Querying reference types
SELECT T. Student -> Name, T. Grade
FROM TRANSCRIPT T
WHERE T. Student -> Address. Street = ‘ Shepard Ave’
Objects in SQL 1999/2003
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Inheritance
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CREATE TYPE STUDENTTYPE UNDER PERSONTYPE AS (
Id INTEGER,
Status CHAR (2) )
A supertable for table
STUDENT
CREATE TABLE STUDENT OF STUDENTTYPE UNDER PERSON
In order for a table T1 to be a subtable of another table T2 the following must
hold:
 The UDT of T1 must be a subtype of (defined as being UNDER) the UDT of
T2.
 The table T1 must be defined as being UNDER the table T2.
Objects in SQL 1999/2003
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Row Types
ROW Type Constructor for construction of a tuple type
CREATE TABLE PERSON ( Name CHAR (20), Address ROW (Number INTEGER,
Street CHAR (20), ZIP CHAR (5) )
SELECT P. Name
FROM PERSON P
WHERE P. Address. ZIP=‘11987’
Referring tuple types:
Path Expression for SELECT
ROW Value Constructor
INSERT INTO PERSON (Name, Address)
VALUES (‘John Doe’ , ROW (666, ‘York Ville’, ‘55555’))
UPDATE PERSON
SET Address = ROW (21, ‘Shepard Ave’ , ‘12345’)
WHERE Address = ROW (666, ‘York Ville’, ‘55555’)
AND Name = ‘John Doe’
Updating tuple types
OQL: The ODMG Object Query Language
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Methods in OQL
MOVIE (Name: String, Director: String, Video: blob)
SELECT M. frameRange (100, 1000)
FROM
MOVIE M
WHERE M. Name = “Film1”
Methods can be invoked in SELECT
statement
SELECT P. add_ phone_ number (“555-1212”)
FROM
PERSONEXT P
This query changes the database but does
WHERE P. SSN = “123-45-6789 ”
not return anything to the caller.
The ability to call update methods in the OQL SELECT statement blurs the
boundary between the data manipulation and query language.