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Chapter 3: Vocabulary Breaking Through, 8/e by Brenda Smith © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. 1 MILLION WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE! Some Vocabulary Facts You use about 20% of the words you know. In high school you recognize about 50,000 words and use only 10,000 of them. In college you recognize around 70,000 words and use about 15,000 of them. You will learn about 20,000 new words in college, many from specific disciplines. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Remembering New Words Association Concept Cards Dictionary Practice! © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Unlocking the Meaning of New Words Use context clues. Use knowledge of word parts. Use the glossary of your textbook. Use the dictionary. Use a thesaurus. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Types of Context Clues Definition clues Elaborating details Elaborating examples Comparison clues Contrast clues © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Definition Example: The explorers landed in an alien environment, a place both foreign and strange to their beloved homeland. Explanation: The definition is set off by a comma. Alien means strange or foreign. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Elaborating Details Example: The natives were hostile when the settlers approached their village. They lined up across the road and drew their weapons. The settlers were afraid to go farther. Explanation: As described in these sentences, hostile means unfriendly. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Elaborating Examples Example: The bird’s appetite is voracious. In one day he ate enough worms to equal three times his body weight. Explanation: Because the bird ate an extraordinary amount, voracious means extremely hungry or greedy. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Comparison Example: The smell of the flower was as compelling as a magnet’s pull on a paper clip. Explanation: Since a magnet will pull a paper clip to it, the comparison suggests that the smell of the flower had an attraction. Compelling means forceful. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Contrast Example: In America she is an eminent journalist, even though she is virtually unknown in England. Explanation: Even though are signal words indicating the opposite. Thus eminent means the opposite of unknown; it means well-known or famous. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Multiple Meanings of a Word Sally cannot bear to be in the house alone at night. The bear approaches our campsite. Mr. Robinson served on the board of directors for the school. Put the extra board in the truck. The owners suspected a dead animal was the cause of the foul odor. The batter hit a foul ball with three runners on base. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Word Parts Roots Prefixes Suffixes © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Using the Dictionary Guide Words Pronunciation Spelling Word Meaning Parts of Speech Word History © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Word Origins - Etymology Moccasin comes from the Algonquin Indian word for “shoe.” Shampoo comes from the Hindi word meaning “to press.” We study etymology to make it easier to remember the word. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Textbook Glossary Specialized vocabulary is often found in the glossary of a textbook. Example from biology: continental drift, cranium, cosmopolitan species. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Check your wordprocessing program on your computer to see if they have a built-in thesaurus. Thesaurus A thesaurus is a book with a list of synonyms for a word. Example: verb “cause” – originate, give rise to, bring about, produce, create, evoke © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Analogies An analogy is a comparison that mimics a previously stated relationship. Example: Mosquito is to insect as gasoline is to fuel. Walking is to running as cool is to frozen. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Analogies Example: Apple is to fruit as potato is to _______. Explanation: Since an apple is a member of the fruit group, the relationship is one part to a larger whole. Solve the analogy by establishing a similar relationship for potato. A potato is a vegetable just as an apple is a fruit. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Categories of Relationships for Analogies Synonyms Antonyms Function, use or purpose Classification Characteristics and descriptions Degree or variation of intensity Part to whole Cause and effect © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Easily Confused Words principle - rule principal – person stationary – fixed position stationery - paper Memorize & associate to keep these words straight. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Enriching Your Vocabulary Use the Internet. Get news from Web sites and forums. Read a lot! © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Summary Points How many words does the average college student recognize? How do context clues assist in unlocking word meaning? What should you include on a concept card? How can you recognize new words by linking parts of old words? © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Summary Points How should you use a dictionary while reading? Why use a glossary? Why would you need a thesaurus? What is the key to solving an analogy? © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Visit the Companion Website http://www.ablongman.com/smith © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.