Transcript Slides Ch 8 - Department of Linguistics and English Language

Learning to Read
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Letters activate words
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some correct and others not
Letters activate sounds
Learning to Read
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Letters activate words
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some correct and others not
Letters activate sounds
More frequent words are more quickly
activated
Learning to Read
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Do we parse?
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misunderstanding > mis+understand+ing
Learning to Read
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Do we parse?
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misunderstanding > mis+understand+ing
Do we recognize whole words?
Learning to Read
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Do we parse?
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misunderstanding > mis+understand+ing
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Do we recognize whole words?
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Do we do both at the same time? (race model)
Learning to Read
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Actual sounds are mapped to phonemes
Do letters need to be mapped to something
abstract?
Learning to Read
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Actual sounds are mapped to phonemes
Do letters need to be mapped to something
abstract?
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Yes.
• g G g G g GG g g
Learning to Read
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Word superiority effect
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People recognize letters faster when
presented in a word than by themselves
Learning to Read
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Word superiority effect
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People recognize letters faster when
presented in a word than by themselves
How is that possible if words are made of
letters not vice versa?
Learning to Read
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Word superiority effect
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People recognize letters faster when
presented in a word than by themselves
How is that possible if words are made of
letters not vice versa?
Seeing a letter only activates the letter
Seeing a letter in a words activates all kinds of
words
Those words pass activation down to the letter
Learning to Read
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Sentence superiority effect
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Words are recognized faster in a sentence that
when alone
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man vs. the man in the moon
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Activation boost in sentence
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“the” is often followed by nouns
nouns are often followed by prepositional phrases
Learning to Read
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Sentence superiority effect
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Words are recognized faster in a sentence that
when alone
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man vs. the man in the moon
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Activation boost in sentence
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“the” is often followed by nouns
nouns are often followed by prepositional phrases
The entire clause is a unit
Learning to Read
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Why is English spelling so nasty?
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It hasn't been updated to reflect sound
changes
Learning to Read
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Why is English spelling so nasty?
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It hasn't been updated to reflect sound
changes
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English often borrows words from other
language and keeps the foreign spelling
•
•
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debut, depot
schizophrenia
English uses the Latin alphabet that has no
unique letter for all of the sounds in English
Learning to Read
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Why is English spelling so nasty?
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It hasn't been updated to reflect sound
changes
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English often borrows words from other
language and keeps the foreign spelling
•
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debut, depot
schizophrenia
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English uses the Latin alphabet that has no
unique letter for all of the sounds in English
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The great vowel shift wreaked its havoc
Learning to Read
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Two theories/methods of reading
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Phonics
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Learn sound and letter correspondences
Sound the words out
Learning to Read
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Two theories/methods of reading
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Phonics
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Learn sound and letter correspondences
Sound the words out
Whole word
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English spelling is only quasi phonetic
recognize whole words without sounding them
out
Learning to Read
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Two theories/methods of reading
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As usual both are partially right
Learning to Read
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Two theories/methods of reading
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As usual both are partially right
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Good readers recognize words as wholes
Learning to Read
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Two theories/methods of reading
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As usual both are partially right
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Good readers recognize words as wholes
But, phonics is needed to handle new words
Learning to Read
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Phonics is bottom up processing
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Whole word is top down processing
Learning to Read
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Word recognition
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All words with same letters partially activated
Learning to Read
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Word recognition
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All words with same letters partially activated
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The more letters in common the more
activated
Learning to Read
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Word recognition
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All words with same letters partially activated
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The more letters in common the more
activated
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Words that are semantically similar are also
activated
Learning to Read
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Word recognition
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All words with same letters partially activated
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The more letters in common the more
activated
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Words that are semantically similar are also
activated
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Words that fit the sentence are also activated
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The ___ in the hat
Learning to Read
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Word recognition
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All words with same letters partially activated
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The more letters in common the more
activated
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Words that are semantically similar are also
activated
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Words that fit the sentence are also activated
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The ___ in the hat
At some point the word that are not correct are
inhibited until the word on the page matches
the one in the mental lexicon
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
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The written word is thought to be the model
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
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The written word is thought to be the model
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Problem: written is based on oral not vice versa
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
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The written word is thought to be the model
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But, written is based on oral not vice versa
Played music preceded written music
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Is the written form more correct?
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
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The written word is thought to be the model
•
•
But, written is based on oral not vice versa
Played music preceded written music
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•
Is the written form more correct?
Written words aren't sounds in the vocal tract
that are naturally modified by surrounding
sounds
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
–
The written word is thought to be the model
•
•
But, written is based on oral not vice versa
Played music preceded written music
–
•
•
Is the written form more correct?
Written words aren't sounds in the vocal tract
that are naturally modified by surrounding
sounds
Written words don't change when you read them
fast
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
–
The written word is thought to be the model
•
•
But, written is based on oral not vice versa
Played music preceded written music
–
•
•
•
Written words aren't sounds in the vocal tract
that are naturally modified by surrounding
sounds
Written words don't change when you read them
fast
Written words are ambiguous
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Is the written form more correct?
Ghoti
Written words have lots of useless letters
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
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The written word is thought to be the model
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If no one pronounces a letter then why insist it
be pronounced?
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the w in sword or the gh in sight
it is ridiculous to pronounce them
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
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The written word is thought to be the model
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If no one pronounces a letter then why insist it
be pronounced?
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the w in sword or the gh in sight
it is ridiculous to pronounce them
Then why is it “wrong” to pronounce
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t in city as a flap?
t in batboy as a glottal stop?
Learning to Read
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Orthographic dazzle
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The written word is thought to be the model
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If no one pronounces a letter then why insist it
be pronounced?
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Then why is it “wrong” to pronounce
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t in city as a flap?
t in batboy as a glottal stop?
If z can can have several pronunciations
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the w in sword or the gh in sight
it is ridiculous to pronounce them
zoo, schizophrenia, azure
Why can't t have several pronunciations?
Learning to Read
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Dyslexia
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Not related to low IQ
Learning to Read
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Dyslexia
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Not related to low IQ
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Is often comorbid with ADHD, late language
emergence
Learning to Read
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Dyslexia
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Not related to low IQ
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Is often comorbid with ADHD, late language
emergence
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Involves problems linking sounds and symbols
Learning to Read
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Dyslexia
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Symptoms
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bad spelling
bad rhyming
problems segmenting words into sounds
Learning to Read
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Dyslexia
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Symptoms
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bad spelling
bad rhyming
problems segmenting words into sounds
hard time reading clock
hard time telling right from left
misunderstanding spoken speech, especially
non-literal speech (puns, jokes, proverbs)
trouble following a series of instructions
trouble organizing time
Learning to Read
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Dyslexia
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Is partially genetic
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Shows up as processing deficiencies in MRI
and PET scans