Transcript EXPECTANCIES

EXPECTANCIES
HOW WORDS CAN BE
EXPECTED TO BE SPELLED
EXPECTANCIES
• Expectancies tell us how we
can EXPECT a word to be
spelled. These are not RULES
since they are not 100%
dependable, but they’ll give a
person a definite advantage in
predicting how a word is spelled
because they work most of the
time.
-CK EXPECTANCY:
WORDS THAT END
WITH THE /K/ SOUND
ONE syllable words with ONE SHORT
vowel sound that end with the /k/ sound are
spelled with a -ck at the end.
-CK EXAMPLES
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Back
Pack
Rack
Shack
Knack
Deck
Beck
Neck
Check
Wreck
Peck
Kick
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Lick
Stick
Thick
Chick
Lock
Knock
Rock
Block
Buck
Tuck
Truck
Struck
-TCH EXPECTANCY:
W0RDS THAT END WITH THE
/CH/ SOUND
ONE syllable words with ONE SHORT
vowel sound that end with the /ch/
sound are spelled with –tch at the
end.
-TCH EXAMPLES
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Batch
Catch
Hatch
Latch
Match
Patch
Thatch
Scratch
Fetch
Retch
Stretch
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Ditch
Hitch
Pitch
Snitch
Stitch
Switch
Twitch
Blotch
Splotch
Dutch
Crutch
Clutch
-DGE EXPECTANCY:
WORDS THAT END WITH
THE /J/ SOUND
ONE syllable words with ONE SHORT
vowel sound that end with the /j/ sound
are spelled with –dge at the end.
Note: The silent e can’t jump over two
letters to make the vowel sound long!
-DGE EXAMPLES
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Badge
Edge
Hedge
Ledge
Wedge
Pledge
Dredge
Ridge
Bridge
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Dodge
Lodge
Budge
Fudge
Judge
Nudge
Grudge
Sludge
Smudge
Trudge
SOFT C (/S/) AND SOFT
G(/J/) EXPECTANCIES
If an I, E, or Y follows a C or a G, it
makes them have the SOFT sound.
The soft sound for C is /S/. The SOFT
sound for G is /J/.
SOFT C(/S/) AND SOFT G(/J/)
EXAMPLES
Cell
 Cent
 City
 Cycle
 Dance
 Prance
 Race
 Center
 Certain
 Cider
 Place
 Cyclone
 Cymbal
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Gem
Germ
Gym
Generous
Gentle
Page
Wage
Giant
Ginger
Giraffe
Genuine
Geography
Geometry
LITTLE FISH SWIM
ZIG ZAGS
ONE syllable words with ONE short
vowel that END with L, F, S, or Z usually
have the L, F, S, or Z DOUBLED.
Get it? Little Fish Swim Zig Zags
Little Fish Swim Zig Zags
Examples
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Ball
Call
Mall
Hall
Tall
Fall
Squall
Bell
Cell
Fell
Yell
Smell
Spell
Bill
Fill
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Hill
Skill
Doll
Stroll
Bull
Pull
Skull
Staff
Tiff
Cliff
Stiff
Sniff
Off
Buff
Huff
Bluff
More Examples of Little
Fish Swim Zig Zags
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Bass
Lass
Mass
Pass
Brass
Class
Grass
Less
Mess
Chess
Dress
Press
Guess
Hiss
Kiss
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Miss
Boss
Loss
Toss
Cross
Floss
Fuss
Puss
Jazz
Fizz
Frizz
Buzz
Fuzz
Some OUTLAW Words to the
Little Fish Swim Zig Zags
Expectancy
 Bus and gas are exceptions to Little Fish
Swim Zig Zags because they are short
words for gasoline and omnibus.
 Function words such as is, was, his, of,
if, and as are exceptions to Little Fish
Swim Zig Zags.
Plurals
Plural words are words that mean
MORE than one.
Rules for Plural Words
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Add S to make most
nouns plural.
Girls, computers,
Desks, kids, chairs,
Coats, cars, trucks,
Stairs, halls, papers,
Towels, books, tapes,
CDs, pens, pencils,
Dogs, goats, tests
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Add ES to words that
end in s, sh, ch, or x.
Classes, passes, kisses,
Wishes, pushes, dishes,
Inches, patches,
churches,
Boxes, foxes, sixes
(You can HEAR the E
sound before the S. It
sounds like /ez/.)
The Y Rule for Plurals
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If a word ends with  If a word ends with
a consonant before
a vowel before the
the Y, Change the
Y,
Y to an i and add e
DON’T change the Y,
s.
just add S.
Cities, ladies, babies,
ponies, cries, pennies, Monkeys, plays, boys,
kitties, abilities,
toys, trays, essays,
capacities, fantasies,
turkeys
bodies
Doubling Rule
When adding an -ed or and –ing to a
ONE syllable word with ONE SHORT
vowel that ends with ONE
consonant, DOUBLE that last letter.
Note: this way the e in the –ed can’t
jump over the last 2 letters to make
the vowel sound long (say its name).
Examples
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Hop = hopped
Gab = gabbed
Tag = tagged
Stop = stopped
Nap = napped
Rip = ripped
Lug = lugged
Plug = plugged
Bug = bugged
Jog = jogged
Tap = tapped
Trot = trotted
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Hop = hopping
Gab = gabbing
Tag = tagging
Stop = stopping
Nap = napping
Rip = ripping
Lug = lugging
Plug = plugging
Bug = bugging
Jog = jogging
Tap = tapping
Trot = trotting
Drop the Silent E
Rule
In a One Syllable word with a LONG
vowel sound and a SILENT E at the end,
DROP the silent E before adding –ed or
–ing!
Examples of the Drop the
Silent E Rule
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Hope + -ing = hoping
Name + -ing = naming
Bike + -ing = biking
Poke + -ing = poking
Rake + -ing = raking
Rule + -ing = ruling
Close + -ing = closing
Vote + -ing = voting
Tube + -ing + tubing
Time + -ing = timing
Tape + -ing = taping
Size + -ing = sizing
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Hope + -ed = hoped
Name + -ed = named
Bike + -ed = biked
Poke + -ed = poked
Rake + -ed = raked
Rule + -ed = ruled
Close + -ed = closed
Vote + -ed = voted
Tube + -ed = tubed
Time + -ed = timed
Tape + -ed = taped
Size + -ed = sized
Contractions are two
words that have been
forced together to make a
smaller word.
(‘)
Use an apostrophe
to show
where the missing letter is
missing.
Examples of Contractions
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Can not = can’t
Are not = aren’t
Could not = couldn’t
Would not = wouldn’t
Should not = shouldn’t
Did not = didn’t
Had not = hadn’t
Has not = hasn’t
Have not = haven't
He is = he’s
She will = she’ll
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I will = I’ll
I am = I’m
Is not = isn’t
Would have = would’ve
Should have = should’ve
I have = I’ve
You are = you’re
They are = they’re
Will not = won’t
Were not = weren’t
Who is = who’s
Suffixes are word parts added to
the END of a word to change its
meaning.
• If a base word ends with an E and the suffix
begins with a VOWEL, drop the E before adding
the suffix.
• Examples: Love + -able = lovable
Complete + -ing = completing
Describe + -ing = describing
Imagine + -able = imaginable
Excuse + -able = excusable
Surprise + -ing = surprising