Transcript TamKang University TOFEL Preparation Course Commencing

TamKang University
TOFEL Preparation Course
Week 2
Host: Andrew du Boulay
Recommended Text
• Reminder if you want the best TOEFL book
“Cracking the TOEFL iBT” 2011 Edition
(with Test Preparation CD)
Publisher: Princeton Review 2010
Approximately, NT$ 1,103
• To Order contact Safin (陳珈汝) in the Dean’s
office ~ room CL521
Extra Learning Tools
• The Official Guide to the TOEFL® Test, 3rd
Edition
A guide with practical and tactical information
you need to know about the TOEFL test.
Includes two full-length practice tests, real
sample responses
About last week’s test
• The following graph shows the average spread
of last week’s test.
• Compare where your performance fits into
the rest of the class.
• Our aim is to improve performance and move
the majority of students toward the 75% pass
mark
Distribution of test results
35
30
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
25
20
15
10
5
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
Mean test score was 11.26 out of 30 with 120 students
27
30
Lesson 2
• Your best friend: the Dictionary.
Understand what you read as you read it.
• Your next best friend: the Thesaurus
Question 1
• What do you call a person who likes to read
and study a dictionary?
Answer
• A1 : a smart person with a great vocubulary!
Question 2 & 3
• 2. What do you call a person who likes to
study the formation and meaning of words?
• 3. What do you call a person who likes to
study the history and formation of words?
Answer 2 & 3
• A2: a lexicologist.
– From the Greek words
• lexis ~ meaning word
• ology ~ meaning to study
• plus the suffix ist ~ to signify a person
• A3 : an etymologist.
– From the Latin word
• etymologia ~ meaning to study the origin of a word
The best place to start…
a Dictionary and a Thesaurus
• Oxford dictionaries and thesauruses are
trusted the world over
• They invest in language research
• Give you access to the latest new words and
phrases and the most up-to-date definitions.
For learners of English
• Oxford’s dictionaries for learners of English
give the help and support you need to expand
vocabulary and use words correctly.
• They explain words using language learners
understand, with illustrations for difficult
words, and help with grammar and
pronunciation.
Electronic Dictionaries
• Consumers are turning to electronic
dictionaries over the traditional book
dictionaries due to their portability and user
friendly features.
• The best electronic dictionaries are both
comprehensive and easy to use.
• They have large, easy to read LCD screens,
comprehensive word banks, and tons of
consumer friendly features.
International Phonetic Alphabet
• The IPA is the most common phonetic system.
• It was established in 1886 in Paris.
Different Phonetic Sounds
Phonetic symbol
IPA Sounds
= to English Letter
IPA English Sound
ㄅ
b э:
b
b
bat, ball, big, bank, book, bible
ㄆ
p э:
p
p
pan, pen, point, please, proper
ㄇ
m э:
m
m
man, memory, mother, monster
ㄈ
f
э:
f
f
find, fox, friend, foe, finger , life
ㄉ
d
э:
d
d
do, did, doing, done, destined
ㄊ
t
э:
t
t
tap, tip, toss, temporary, total
ㄋ
n
э:
n
n
no, need, now, next, never
ㄌ
l
э:
l
l
leg, long, lane, lemon, lime
ㄍ
g
э:
g
g
get, go, going, gone, grandma
ㄎ
k
э:
c+k
k
cat, come, kick, cool, kettle,
chemistry, chaos, Christian,
ㄏ
h
э:
h
h
her, hurt, hearse, have, hold,
hello, help, heaven,
ㄐ
ʤ i:
ㄑ
ʧ
i:
j
g
ch ee
Some English words
ʤ
jam, jump, jazz, jog, judge,
general, generation, giant
ʧ
cheese, cheat, church, chop,
change, challenge, chocolate
Different Phonetic Sounds
Phonetic symbol
IPA Sounds
= to English Letter
IPA English Sound
sh ee
ʃ
Some English words
ㄒ
ʃ
ㄓ
ʤ ü:
j
ew
ʤ
Jew, juice, juicy judicial
ㄔ
ʧ
ü:
ch ew
ʧ
chew, chewing, choose,
ㄕ
ʃ
ü:
sh ew
ʃ
shoe, chateau, chauffeur, shame,
session, profession, show
decision, measure, treasure
i:
sheep, shop, sharpen, shadow,
motion, imagination, chef,
ㄖ
ʒür
combined sound
ʒ
ㄗ
ds-z
combined sound
d s z
ㄘ
ts
ts
ㄙ
sz
s z
s
sit, sister, his zebra, size, sizzle,
peoples’ zoo, xylophones
ㄧ
i:
i
I
it, sit, situation, institution,
ㄨ
u:
several diphthongs
u:
ㄩ
jü
ü
ㄚ
a:
ar
t
j
s
ü
a:
does, dozen
dentists, artists, tests, plates
do, to, too, two, kangaroo, you,
flew, through, coupé, blue,
Mainly for German words.
You’re, j = yes
are, archer, arm, army, muscular
Different Phonetic Sounds
Phonetic symbol
IPA Sounds
= to English Letter
IPA English Sound
Some English words
ㄛ
ɔ:
several diphthongs
ɔ:
auto, author, auspicious, saw,
awesome, all, or, ordinary,
major,
ㄜ
э:
several diphthongs
э:
her, girl, curl, term, turn,
ㄝ
je
yeh
j
e
yeah (yes), yell, yellow,
ㄞ
aI
several sounds
aI
Letter ‘I’, tie, fly, fire, by, bye,
buy, eye, bicycle, hi (hello),
high,
ㄟ
ei
Usually ‘A’ words
ei
Letter ‘A’, day, maid, made,
fade, appreciate, eight,
ㄠ
aƱ
ao
aƱ
Ouch! Our house. How now
brown cow.
ㄡ
oƱ
several diphthongs
oƱ
No, know, go, low, coat,
boat, remote, follow, yellow
ㄢ
Λn
un
Λ
n
up, hut, but,
under, undo,
understand, hundred
ㄣ
en
en
e
n
end, send, envy, enable, enter,
envelope
ㄤ
Λŋ
ung
Λ
ŋ
up, sun, rung, ring, thing
sing, sang, sung,
ㄥ
Ʊŋ
ong
Ʊ
ŋ
put, look, book,
No Ʊŋ sounds
ㄦ
э:r
several diphthongs
э:r
her, sir, father, turn, burn, dirt,
Some sounds not in Chinese
æ
‘a’ as in cat
l
‘l’ as in lolly
at, hat, mat, scatter, material,
manager
look, listen, learn
ƆI
‘oy’ as in boy
toy,
r
‘r’
θ
‘th’ as in with
ð
‘th’ as in the
v
‘v’ in victory
Red Rooster on Ross River
Road
thank, think, thistle, brother,
mother, father
this, that, those, them ,they,
their, therefore
five, favour, very, every
w
‘w’ in wish
with, when, why, window
The Thesaurus
• A thesaurus is a book that lists words grouped
together according to similarity of meaning
(containing synonyms and sometimes
antonyms) in contrast to a dictionary, which
contains definitions and pronunciations.
• The largest thesaurus in the world is the
Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English
Dictionary which contains more than 920,000
words.
Synonyms
• In its narrowest sense, a synonym is a word or
phrase that is perfectly substitutable in a
context for another word or phrase.
• They have identical or very similar meanings.
• Words that are synonyms are said to be
synonymous.
• Eg: the words car and automobile are
synonyms.
Synonyms
• Synonyms can be any part of speech
(e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or
prepositions), provided both words are the
same part of speech.
Synonyms
• Noun : "student" and "pupil"
"petty crime" and "misdemeanour"
• Verb: "buy" and "purchase"
• Adjective: "sick" and "ill"
• Adverb: "quickly" and "speedily"
• Preposition: "on" and "upon"
Antonyms
• Antonyms are words with opposite or nearly
opposite meanings.
• For example:
– short and tall
– dead and alive
– increase and decrease
– add and subtract
• The words synonym and antonym are
themselves antonyms.
One of the best around …
• You can download a Thesaurus on-line
Next week’s lesson…
• Lesson 3
• Pronunciation: the key to improving listening,
speaking and spelling.
• The LATIN Alphabet
• Vowels, Consonants and Diphthongs