Transcript 3.05 Remember the structures of the Integumentary System

Essential Questions
What are the structures of the
integumentary system?
3.05 Remember the structures of the
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Structures of the integumentary system
Layers of the integumentary system
 Epidermis
 Dermis
 Subcutaneous
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Structures of the integumentary system
Epidermis
 Outermost covering
 Made of epithelial cells
 Avascular – NO blood
cells
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Epidermis
 Has four cell types and five layers
 Thickness varies with the area it covers:
thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on the
palms and soles.
 Surface layer = Stratum corneum consists of
keratin.

Keratin = protein that renders the skin dry and
provides a waterproof covering; also serves as a barrier.
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Epidermal Cells
 Keratinocytes: produce protein keratin, compromise
most of epidermis
 Merkel cells: sensory cells for touch
 Melanocytes: make protein melanin
 Langerhans cells: not the same as the ones in pancreas.
These are macrophages – defense of the skin
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Melanocytes
 Produce two classes of melanin…..
 Pheomelanin – red to yellow in color
 Eumelanin – dark brown to black
 Light skin people have more????
 Both classes of melanin bind to compounds,
including drugs.
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Epidermal Layers
 Middle layer – stratum spinosum ~ 8-10 cell layers
thick. Contains all cells except Merkel cells. Fun
Fact: under microscope this layer of skin looks prickly
thus the name spinosum “little spine”.
 Bottom layer – stratum germinativum (stratum basale)
~ layer of cells mostly containing keratinocytes. Does
also contain melanocytes and Merkel cells.
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Structures of the integumentary system
Dermis (Corium)
 True skin
 Made of connective
tissue
 Vascular – has blood
vessels
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Structures of the integumentary system
Dermis contains many structures
(organs)
 Collagen tissue
 Connective tissue
 bands
 Elastic fibers
 Numerous blood
vessels
 Nerve endings
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Dermis
Structures
 Muscles
 Hair follicles
 Oil glands
 Sweat glands
 Fat cells
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Structures of the integumentary system
Subcutaneous layer
 Hypodermal
 Lies under the dermis
Not a true part of the
integumentary
system
 Sometimes called
epidermis,
superficial fascia
dermis
 Consists of loose
subcutaneous
connective tissue
 Contains one-half of the
body’s stored adipose
tissue
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Structures of the integumentary system
With age, the
subcutaneous layer
begins to disappear;
this causes the skin to
sag and wrinkle.
epidermis,
dermis
subcutaneous
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Structures of the integumentary system
Appendages
 Hair
epidermis,
dermis
 Nails
subcutaneous
 Glands


Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
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Structures of the integumentary system
Hair
 Cortex and medulla
 Root and shaft
 Hair follicle
 Papilla
 Arrector pili muscle
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HAIR
 Cortex – consist of
elongated, keratinized,
non-living cells. Hair
pigment located in
cortex. As we age
pigment replaced with
air = white/ gray hair.
 Hair follicle – where root
is embedded. Shape of
follicle determines
straight to curly hair.
 Root – implanted in skin.
 Shaft – projects from the
skin surface.
 Papilla – located at lower
end of hair follicle, tuft of
tissue which contains
capillaries to nourish cells.
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 Arrector pili muscle – smooth muscle
attached to each hair follicle. When
stimulated causes contraction which
causes “goose bumps”. With goose bumps
small amount of oil produced related to
pressure on sebaceous glands
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Structures of the integumentary system
Nails
 Made of keratin
 Originate from the nail
root
 Epidermal cells fuse
together to form hard,
keratinized plates
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Structures of the integumentary system
Sudoriferous glands
 Sweat glands
 Present in large
numbers under arms,
forehead, palms of
hands, and soles of feet
 Ceruminous glands are
modifications of sweat
glands
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Structures of the integumentary system
Sebaceous glands
 Skin protected by Sebum
– thick, oily substance.
Keeps skin soft and
pliable.
 microscopic glands
 located adjacent to a hair
follicle
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Structures of the integumentary system
 Microscopic
view
of the skin
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Essential Questions
What are the structures of the
integumentary system?
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Essential Questions:
 What are the functions of the integumentary system?
 What are some disorders of the integumentary
system?
 How are integumentary system disorders treated?
 How do you relate the integumentary system to the
body’s communication systems?
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Functions of the integumentary system
 What are the functions
of the skin?
 What structures are
involved in these
functions?
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 SKIN = protective covering…. other names
 integument or integumentary system
 cutaneous membrane
 It is tough, pliable, and multifunctional
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FUNCTIONS:
 A covering. Protecting from dehydration, injury, and
invasion.
 Regulate body temperature. Controlling heat loss with
perspiration.
 Help with manufacture of Vitamin D.
 Site of many nerve endings. A square inch can contain
about 72 feet of nerves and hundreds of receptors.
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 Temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts.
Which can later be absorbed by the body and
transported to other body systems.
 Screen out harmful UV radiation contained in sunlight.
 Special properties to absorb certain drugs and other
chemical substances. Ex: Nitro-bid and Cortisone
cream.
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Functions of the integumentary system
 Epidermis
 Why are some people dark and others fair?
 Can that be changed?
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Functions of the integumentary system
 Dermis
 How is the dermis
different from the
epidermis in its
function?
 Why is this important to
your health?
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Functions of the integumentary system
 Subcutaneous
layer
 Hypodermal layer
Hypo-
dermal
 What are the benefits of
the subcutaneous layer
of skin?
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Functions of the integumentary system
 Hair
 What is the function of
hair?
 What factors influence
hair type and color?
 What happens to your
hair when you are cold?
Why?
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The main function of the hair is the either warm us
up or cool us down. When we are hot, the hair lies
flatter against the skin and therefore allowing less
heat to break through. When we are cold, the hair
stands on end to trap more heat and warm up the
body. The way the hair moves is through the arrector
pili muscle located in the dermis layer of the skin.
This tiny muscle controls how the hair lays on the
skin. When warm, the hair lies flat. When cold, the
hair stands up and the skin breaks into goose bumps,
which is the skin raising up to collect more warmth.
How our hair protects us
Hair grows all over our bodies – the only places it
doesn’t grow are on our lips, the soles of our feet, our
palms and our eye lids. Hair grows faster during the
Summer and slower at night than during the day. The
ways in which our skin protects us are
- Regulating our body temperature
- Controlling the loss of life sustaining fluids such as
blood and water
- Protects us from the sun’s damaging ultra-violet rays
Racial characteristics of hair
structure and colour
Genetically, Africans have more variety than other races. Every time a
group advanced out of Africa, or from one isolated area to another
even more isolated, another batch of genetic variations was left
behind. But on the surface, it's Caucasians that have the most variety,
for the simple reason that they have a lot less melanin, which takes
the darkness out of their skin, hair, and eyes to reveal other
possibilities.
Hair colour is determined by 4 to 6 genes, each with several alleles,
some with incomplete dominance (i.e. not a matter of one thing or
the other, but perhaps a mix of both - like pink carnations). The basic
genes involved are for black hair (with a recessive allele for not-black),
one for brown hair (with a recessive for blond), and one for red hair
(with a dominant allele for not-red). Some of these genes are close to
eye colour genes on chromosomes 15 and 19, and tend to go along with
those genes, which is why we tend to see certain combinations of hair
and eye colour more frequently than others.
Racial characteristics of hair
structure and colour (cont.)
Black is the most common hair colour in the world, and is due to a large
amount of eumelanin. Brown is also common, and is due to eumelanin
mixed with a bit of pheomelanin. Blond is only found in about 2% of the
world's population. It is due to very small amounts of melanin. Slight
amounts of black, brown, and red make for all the variations we see in
blonds - such as ash, flaxen, and strawberry blond. And red hair is the rarest
of all, about 1% of the world. It is due to high levels of pheomelanin plus low
levels of eumelanin.
If you are curious, grey hair is due to nothing but a little black melanin, and
white hair is a matter of no melanin at all.
Light coloured hair is found primarily in Scandinavia and the Baltic sea
area. Blond and red hair was probably more common in Europe centuries
ago (as witnessed by Greek and Roman accounts), but being recessive, it has
slowly receded northward. But you can still find blonds and redheads in
places like Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, where the descendants of
Indo-European invaders live.
Functions of the integumentary system
 Nails
 Not just a pretty color!
 What does the condition of
a person’s nails tell about
their general health?
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Nails
 Nails, which are modifications of the epidermis, are
protective coverings on the ends of the fingers and
toes. Each nail consists of a nail plate that overlies a
surface of skin called the nail bed. The whitish,
thickened, half-moon shaped region (lunula) at the
base of the nail plate is the most actively growing
region. Nails, like hair, are primarily dead keratinized
cells.
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 Did you know your nails can reveal clues to
your overall health? A touch of white here, a
rosy tinge there, or some rippling or bumps
may be a sign of disease in the body.
Problems in the liver, lungs, and heart can
show up in your nails.
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Functions of the integumentary system
 Glands
 Sudoriferous glands
 Why does sweat smell
bad?
 Sebaceous glands

What role do sebaceous glands
have in relation to pimples?
Pimple
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Sudoriferous glands
 Sweat is produced by sweat glands in the body, which
produce a watery fluid and fluid containing substances
such as proteins and lipids. We sweat from up to 5 million
sweat glands located all over the skin on our body. However,
sweating that is triggered by emotions or stress only
happen in certain areas of the body, such as the armpits,
palms and head.
 There are two types of sweat glands on the skin: apocrine –
found mainly in the armpit area – and eccrine glands,
which are found all over the skin surface. The mechanism
of perspiration, or sweating, is controlled by the body’s
autonomic nervous system – the part of our nervous system
which is under involuntary or ‘unconscious’ control.
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Apocrine glands
 Apocrine glands become active from puberty and are
found mainly in the armpits. The apocrine glands
produce sweat when we feel strong emotions, stress,
pain or exercise. The sweat from apocrine glands is
responsible for producing the smelliest body odor.
Sweat produced from the apocrine gland is thought to
be linked to the production of chemical
communication signals or pheromones. The apocrine
glands are situated close to the hair follicle and the
secreted sweat fluid contains proteins, lipids and
hormones, but very little water.
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Eccrine glands
 Eccrine glands are the most abundant type of sweat
gland, found all over the skin and start to function
soon after birth, releasing a dilute salt solution
composed of 99% water. It is the eccrine gland that is
responsible for the wet sensation of sweat. Sweat
produced from the eccrine glands are key in keeping
the body cool via thermoregulation. The eccrine
glands produce a far greater volume of sweat
compared to the apocrine glands in the armpits.
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Sebaceous glands
 What do they do????
 How would this have a relation to a pimple???
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Functions of the integumentary system
review
 What are the functions
of the skin?
 What structures are
involved in these
functions?
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Functions of the integumentary system
The skin has remarkable
ability to heal itself.
How does this happen?
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Acne vulgaris:
 What is acne vulgaris?
 How is it treated?
 Can it be prevented?
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Acne Vulgaris
 Common and chronic disorder.
 Sebaceous glands secrete excessive oil.
 Occurs most often during adolescence.
 Treatment simple as topical ointment to
antibiotics
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Athlete’s foot
 What causes athlete’s
foot?
 Does everyone have
the same symptoms?
 How is it treated?
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Athlete’s foot
 Contagious fungal infection
 Infects superficial skin layer and leads to skin eruptions
 Eruptions appear as blisters between fingers and more
commonly toes.
 Usually contracted in public baths and showers
 Treatment involves cleaning and drying of affected
area. Also, need to use special antifungal agents; which
need to be applied liberally.
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Burns: traumatic injury resulting
from sun, heat lamp, boiling
water, steam, fire, chemicals, or
electricity. Dehydration and
infection can occur and can be
life threatening.
 First-degree
 Second-degree
 Third-degree
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Burns:
 First-degree
 Only involves
epidermis
 Symptoms: redness,
swelling, and pain.
 Healing ~ 1 week
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Burns:
 Second degree
 Involves epidermis
and dermis
 Symptoms: pain,
swelling, redness,
and blisters.
 Causes exposure to
infection
 Healing ~ 2 weeks
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Burns:
 Third-degree
 Complete destruction of
epidermis, dermis, and
subcutaneous layers
 Symptoms: loss of skin, yet
no pain.
 May be life – threatening
depending on amount of
skin damaged, fluid and
blood plasma lost.
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Burns:
 Compare the
different
degrees of
burns.
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Burns:
 Used to quickly assess
Rule of Nines
 Body divided into 11
areas, each area
accounts for 9% of
total body surface.
percentage of body
surface burned.
 Can be used to
determine extent of
treatment needed.
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Dermatitis/Eczema
 dermat-
-itis
 What is dermatitis?
 How are dermatitis and
eczema similar?
 How are they different?
 What is the treatment?
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Dermatitis
 Non-specific
Eczema
 An acute or chronic non
inflammation of the
skin.
 Cause may be emotional
or contact dermatitis
from an irritant.
contagious
inflammatory skin
disease.
 The skin becomes dry,
red, itchy, and scaly.
 Most common type is
atopic which occurs
during 1st year of life
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Herpes
Herpes simplex virus
 Two types of HSV:
 HSV type 1
 HSV type 2
 What are the symptoms?
 How is it spread?
 What is the prognosis?
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 Under a microscope, HSV- 1 and 2 are virtually




identical, sharing approximately 50% of their DNA.
Both types infect the body's mucosal surfaces, usually
the mouth or genitals, and then establish latency in
the nervous system. For both types, at least two-thirds
of infected people have no symptoms, or symptoms
too mild to notice. However, both types can recur and
spread even when no symptoms are present.
HSV-1 is usually mild
HSV-2 is widely believed to be a painful
type 2 is usually mild-so mild that two- thirds of
infected people don't even know they have it. Type 2
rarely causes complications or spreads to other parts of
the body. It is the most common cause of neonatal
herpes, a rare but dangerous infection in newborns;
however, type 1 causes up to one-third of neonatal
infections.
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Impetigo
 What two bacteria
cause impetigo?
 What are some risk
factors in
contracting
impetigo?
 How is it treated?
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Impetigo
 Acute, inflammatory, and contagious skin disease.
Most common in babies and young children.
 Caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus.
 Characterized by vesicles that rupture and develop
distinct yellow crust.
 Treatment with topical and oral antibiotics
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Psoriasis
 Describe this
picture.
 Who is likely to have
psoriasis?
 What is the
treatment?
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Psoriasis
 Chronic inflammatory disease
 Characterized by dry, reddish patches covered with
silver- white scales
 Most commonly affects elbow’s, knees, shin’s, scalp,
and lower back
 Unknown cause; may be triggered by stress, trauma,
and / or infection
 No known treatment at present, but moisturizers help
keep skin soft : reducing scales
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Two examples of ringworm
How would this be diagnosed?
Ringworm
 How is it spread?
 What causes ringworm?
 What is the medical
term?
 How is it treated?
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Ringworm
 HIGHLY contagious fungal infection
 Raised, itchy, circular patches with
crusts
 Can be found upon skin, scalp, and
under nails
 Effectively treated with griseofulvin
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Scabies
 What is the cause of
scabies?
 Is it contagious?
 How is it treated?
 How is it prevented?
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SCABIES
 Scabies is a condition of very itchy skin caused by tiny
mites that burrow into your skin.
 Spread by close contact with someone who has scabies.
Scabies can also be spread by sharing towels, bed
sheets, and other personal belongings. Can be spread
before you have symptoms.
 Prescription permethrin, such as Elimite cream, is the
most commonly used medicine to treat scabies
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Shingles
 What is the cause of
shingles?
 Is it contagious?
 Who is most at risk?
 How is it prevented?
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 Skin eruption related to viral infection of nerve
endings
 Most common on chest or abdomen, accompanied by
SEVERE pain
 Treatment is medication for pain and itching.
Protection of the area.
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Urticaria
 Hives
Boils
 Carbuncles
 Intensely itching wheals
or welts
 Welts last 1-2 days
 Usually response to an
allergen
 Avoidance of allergen to
alleviate problem
 Painful, bacterial
infection of hair follicle
or sebaceous gland
 Treatment ranges from
antibiotics to surgery
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Skin cancer
 What are the risk factors for
developing skin cancer?
 How can it be prevented?
 Three types:
 Basal cell carcinoma
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Malignant melanoma
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
 What is distinctive about this
type of skin cancer?
 Where does it usually form?
 Most common and least
malignant
 Usually on face
 99% recovery
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Skin Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
 Why does it develop?
 How is squamous cell
carcinoma different from basil
cell carcinoma?
 Most common on scalp and
lower lip
 Rapid growing and
metastasizes
 Survival rate good if found early
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Skin cancer
Malignant melanoma
o How is malignant melanoma
different from the other skin
cancers?
o Occurs in melanocytes
o Metastasizes quickly
 How are skin cancers treated?
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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4jgUcxMezM
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Skin lesions:
Discuss the
characteristics of the
different skin lesions.
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Skin lesions:
Compare these types of skin lesions.
Macule
Ulcer
Papule
Pustule
Vesicle
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Disorders of the integumentary system
Skin lesion:
Decubitus ulcer
 What is an ulcer?
 What are decubitus
ulcers?
 How can they be
prevented?
 How are they treated?
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Stage I Ulcer
 Skin surface reddening
 Skin remains intact
 Treatment: relieve
pressure
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Stage 2 Ulcer
 Area is blistered, intact
or broken
 Surrounding area is red
and irritated
 Treat: protect and clean
area. Alleviate pressure
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Stage 3 Ulcer
 Breaks through ALL
layers of skin
 Primary site for infection
 Treatment: treat and
prevent infection,
promote healing
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Stage 4 Ulcer
 Extends through skin
and involves muscle,
tendons, and/ or bone.
 Can produce life
threatening situation
 Treatment: surgical
removal of necrotic and
decayed area.
Antibiotics
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Disorders of the integumentary system
warts
 What causes warts?
 Are they contagious?
 Can they be prevented?
There are many different types!
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 A wart is a skin growth caused by some types of the virus
called the human papillomavirus (HPV).
 Warts can grow anywhere on the body
 Warts are easily spread by direct contact with a human
papillomavirus. You can infect another person by
sharing towels, razors, or other personal items.
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Essential Questions:
 What are the functions of the integumentary system?
 What are some disorders of the integumentary
system?
 How are integumentary system disorders treated?
 How do you relate the integumentary system to the
body’s communication systems?
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