Milady`s Standard Instructor`s Support Slides
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Transcript Milady`s Standard Instructor`s Support Slides
Milady’s Standard
Cosmetology
HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
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Copyright © 2004
by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning,Inc.
ANATOMY OF THE SKIN
Dermatology—deals with the study of skin and its
nature, structure, functions, diseases, and treatment
Dermatologist—a physician engaged in dermatology
Esthetician—a specialist in the cleansing,
preservation of health, and beautification of the skin
and body
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HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
The skin is the largest and one of the most
important organs of the body.
Healthy skin
is slightly moist.
is soft and flexible.
has smooth and finegrained texture.
possesses slightly acid
reaction.
Appendages of the
skin:
Hair
Nails
Sweat and oil glands
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HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
Epidermis
Outermost layer, commonly
called cuticle or scarf skin
thinnest layer of skin; forms
protective covering; contains
no blood vessels
Dermis
Inner layer of skin, called
derma, corium, or true skin;
about 25 times thicker than
the epidermis and is highly
sensitive
Figure 17-1
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EPIDERMIS
Stratum corneum—horny outer layer. Its scale-like
cells are constantly shed and replaced. Cells contain
protein keratin and combine with thin covering of oil
to make the skin almost waterproof.
Stratum lucidum—clear, transparent layer consisting
of small cells through which light can pass.
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EPIDERMIS
Stratum granulosum—granular layer in which cells
look like granules. Cells are almost dead and are
pushed to the skin’s surface to replace those that are
shed from the stratum corneum.
Stratum germinativum—formerly known as stratum
mucosum; deepest layer, responsible for growth of
the epidermis; contains pigment called melanin, also
found in hair. Pigment in this layer protects skin
cells from ultraviolet rays by cells called melanocytes
that produce melanin.
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DERMIS
Papillary layer—lies directly beneath the epidermis;
contains small cone-shaped projections (called
papillae) of elastic tissue that point upward to the
epidermis. Some papillae contain looped capillaries.
Others contain nerve fiber endings for the sense of
touch called tactile corpuscles; contains melanin.
Reticular layer—contains fat cells, blood and lymph
vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, and
arrector pili muscles. Supplies skin with oxygen and
nutrients.
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HOW SKIN IS NOURISHED
Blood and lymph circulate through skin and
contribute essential material for growth,
nourishment, and repair of skin, hair, and
nails.
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NERVES OF THE SKIN
Motor nerve fibers—distributed to arrector pili
muscles
Sensory nerve fibers—react to heat, cold, touch,
pressure, and pain; send messages to the brain; found
in papillary layer; abundant in fingertips
Secretory nerve fibers—distributed to sweat and oil
glands; regulate excretion of perspiration and control
flow of sebum to the surface of the skin
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SKIN COLOR
Skin color depends on blood supply.
Melanin, the pigment deposited
inside the stratum germinativum
and the papillary layer in the
dermis.
Hereditary traits vary among races
and nationalities.
Dark skin contains more melanin;
light skin contains less.
Figure 17-3
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STRENGTH and FLEXIBILITY
Collagen
Fibrous protein that gives skin form and strength
Elastin
Protein base that forms elastic tissue
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GLANDS OF THE SKIN
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
Also called sweat glands
Have coiled base and tube-like duct to skin surface
Are numerous on palms, soles, forehead, and armpits
Regulate body temperature
Help eliminate waste
Eliminate 1 to 2 pints of salty liquid daily; controlled
by the nervous system
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GLANDS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
These are oil glands.
They are little sacs that open to skin’s surface.
They secrete sebum.
They are found everywhere except on palms
and soles.
Sebum flows from ducts to follicles.
If duct is clogged, oil will harden and a
blackhead will form.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
PROTECTION
SENSATION
- Injury
- Bacteria
- Heat
- Touch
- Pressure
- Pain
EXCRETION
SECRETION
ABSORPTION
- Perspiration takes
salt and other
chemicals with it
- Oil lubricates skin
- Emotional stress
will increase the
flow
- Limited but will
absorb
- Female hormones
- Creams
HEAT
REGULATION
- Protects the body
from environment
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS OF THE SKIN
Figure 17-5
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AGING OF THE SKIN
The sun
The environment
Health habits
General lifestyle
Cigarette smoking has been linked to premature
aging and wrinkling.
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SUN AND ITS EFFECTS
SUN EFFECT
80% to 85% of aging is caused by the sun’s rays.
UVA rays
Aging rays
90% of sun’s ultraviolet rays
UVB rays
Burning rays
Effects on melanocytes, cells that produce melanin
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SUN AND ITS EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS
Wear protective lotion
Avoid sun exposure during peak hours
Apply sunscreen liberally after swimming
Avoid exposing children under six months
Wear hat and protective clothing outdoors
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SKIN AGING AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Pollutants from factories
Emissions from automobiles
Secondhand cigarette smoke
DEFENSE
Good daily skin care routine
Washing and exfoliating
Using moisturizers, protective lotions, foundation
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
Primary lesions
(LEE-zhuns)
Bulla
Cyst
Macule
Papule
Pustule
Tubercle
Tumor
Vesicle
Wheal
Figure 17-6
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
Secondary lesions
Crust
Excoriation
Fissure
Keloid
Scale
Erosion
Ulcer
Figure 17-10
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS (OIL)
GLANDS
Comedone—blackhead;
worm-like mass of
hardened sebum in hair
follicle
Milia—whiteheads
caused by accumulation
of sebaceous matter
beneath skin
Figure 17 - 12
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Acne—skin disorder
characterized by chronic
inflammation of the
sebaceous glands from
retained secretions
Seborrhea—excessive
secretion of sebaceous
glands
Figure 17-14
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Asteatosis—excessive
dryness; scaly skin; partial
deficiency of sebum
Rosacea—chronic congestion
appearing primarily on the
cheeks and nose
Steatoma—tumor in the
subcutanous tissue filled
with sebum ranging in size
from a pea to an orange
Figure 17-15
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
Anhidrosis (an-hih-DROH-sis)—lack of
perspiration, often a result of fever
Bromhidrosis (broh-mih-DROH-sis)—foul
smelling perspiration
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
Hyperhidrosis (hy-per-hy-DROH-sis)—
excessive perspiration
Miliaria rubra—prickly heat; an acute
disorder characterized by eruption of small
red vesicles resulting in burning and itching;
caused by excessive heat
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SKIN INFLAMMATIONS
Dermatitis—inflammatory
condition of skin with
lesions
Eczema (EG- zuh-muh)—
skin inflammation of acute
or chronic nature,
presenting many forms of
dry or moist lesions;
accompanied by itching or
burning
Figure 17-16
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
Herpes simplex—recurring
virus infection, commonly
called fever blisters
Psoriasis (suh-RY-uh-sis)—
common, chronic,
inflammatory skin disease
found on scalp, elbows,
knees, and chest
Figure 17 -18
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
OCCUPATIONAL DISORDERS
Abnormal conditions can result from contact with
chemicals or tints.
Allergies can be developed to ingredients in
cosmetics, antiseptics, perm solutions, and aniline
derivative tints.
These can cause dermatitis venenata–eruptive skin
infections.
To prevent, use rubber gloves and protective creams.
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
PIGMENTATIONS OF THE SKIN
Lentigines—freckles; small yellow- to brown-colored
spots on parts exposed to sunlight and air
Leukoderma—abnormal white patches in the skin due
to congenital defective pigmentation
Nevus—birthmark
Stains—abnormal brown skin patches having a circular
or irregular shape; occur during aging, after certain
diseases, and after disappearance of moles, freckles, and
liver spots
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
PIGMENTATIONS OF THE SKIN
Tan—caused by exposure of the sun
Chloasma—increased deposits of pigment in the skin;
found mainly on forehead, nose, and cheeks; also
called moth patches or liver spots
Albinism—the absence of melanin pigment of the
body, skin, hair, and eyes
Vitiligo—acquired condition of leukoderma affecting
skin or hair
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
HYPERTROPHIES OF THE SKIN
Keratoma—an acquired thickened patch of skin
or epidermis due to pressure of friction on hands
and feet. If it grows inward, it is called a corn.
Mole—small, brownish spot or blemish on the
skin, believed to be inherited; range in color
from pale tan to brown to bluish black. Some are
small and flat; others are raised and darker. DO
NOT REMOVE HAIR FROM MOLES.
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
HYPERTROPHIES OF THE SKIN
Skin tag—small brown or flesh-colored
outgrowth of the skin
Verruca (vuh-ROO-kuh) or wart—caused by a
virus and is infectious; can spread from one
location to another, particularly along a
scratch in the skin
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SKIN CANCER
Basal cell carcinoma
(kar-sin-OH-muh)
Figure 17-23
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SKIN CANCER
Squamous
(SKWAY-mus) cell
carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
(mel-uh-NOH-muh)
Figure 17-25
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MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE
SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Vitamin A
Aids in health, function, and repair of skin cells
Is an antioxidant that can help prevent skin cancer
Can improve skin’s elasticity
Known as retinoic acid or Retin-A as a prescription
cream
Vitamin C
Needed for proper repair of skin and tissues
Speeds up healing process
Promotes collagen production
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MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE
SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Vitamin D
Promotes healthy skin
Promotes rapid healing of the skin
Vitamin E
Helps to heal damage to skin’s tissues
Topically, helps heal structural damage to skin
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MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE
SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Water
Composes 50% to 70% of body’s weight
Sustains health of the cells
Aids in elimination of toxins and waste
Helps regulate body’s temperature
Average person’s needs—8 to 10 (8 ounces) glasses of water
a day
Dehydration
Slows metabolism
75% of Americans chronically dehydrated
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SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
disease—any departure from normal state of health
acute disease—one with symptoms of a more or less
violent character such as fever
chronic disease—one of long duration, mild but
recurring
infectious disease—due to bacterial or viral germs
resulting from contact with contaminated objects
contagious—communicable by contact
congenital—born with it
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SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
seasonal—influenced by weather
occupational—due to certain kinds of employment that
involve coming in contact with chemicals and the like
parasitic disease—one caused by parasites (ringworm)
pathogenic disease—produced by disease-causing bacteria
(staph or strep viruses)
systemic—due to under- or overfunctioning of internal
glands; may be caused by a faulty diet
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SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
venereal disease—contagious, caused by contact with an infected
person during sexual intercourse
epidemic—simultaneously attacks a large number of people living
in a particular locality (flu, smallpox)
allergy—a sensitivity to normally harmless substances such as
cosmetics, medicines, tints, and certain foods
inflammation—characterized by redness, pain, swelling, or heat
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SUMMARY
The skin is the largest organ of the body and protects
us from the environment.
It regulates body temperature and provides
sensation.
Skin can be affected quite easily by most salon
services.
It is important that you know what products can
penetrate the skin and what effects they will have on
your clients.
By learning to identify various diseases and disorders
of the skin, you will be able to provide more effective
and safe services for your clients.
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