Transcript Slide 1
BME-HUMAN ANATOMY-2 SKIN. BONES. SKIN – terminology, general info • • • • Skin is the body’s largest and heaviest organ in adults ...which covers an area of 1.5 to 2.0 m2 ...which accounts for about 15% of the body weight ...which together with the hair, nails, and glands comprises integumentary system (“integument” means “covering” in Latin). • The scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system are called dermatology. SKIN – terminology, general info • Skin is the most visible organ of our body, which appearance strongly affects our social interactions. • Inspection of the skin, hair, and nails is a significant part of a physical examination. • It consists of two layers: a stratified squamous epithelium called the epidermis and a deeper connective tissue layer called the dermis (fig. 6.1, p.182) • Below the dermis is another connective tissue layer, the hypodermis, which is not part of the skin but is customarily studied in conjunction with it. SKIN – functions • resists to trauma and infection (protein keratin is an important part of it). • protects from water evaporation (as insulator) • helps to vitamin D synthesis (with liver & kidney). • provides with sesnsory impulses (with nervoue system) • is the body thermoregulator (with circulatory system) SKIN – connections with other systems • • • • • • • Skeletal: vit. D => calcium => bone growth Muscular: vit. D => calcium => contraction Nervous: vit. D => calcium => signal transmit. Endocrine: vit. D => calcium => hormone secr. Circulatory: blood resrvoir Immune: alerts if pathogen breach barrier Urinary: excretes salts, some waste & water SKELETAL SYSTEM Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton (red)- skull, spinal column, rib cage) Appendicular skeleton (blue) – limbs and girdles SKELETAL SYSTEM - functions • • • • SUPPORTS posture & movement PROTECTS internal organs STORAGE for minerals FORMATION of blood cells SKELETAL SYSTEM - bones • • • • • • By structure Compact bone (homogenous) Spongy bone (with spaces) fig. 7.1 p.208 By form Long (leg or arm bones) Short (wrist bones) Flat (skull, scapula) Irregular (pelvis, vertebrae) General view of skeletal system (p.235, fig.8.1) The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral Column Rib Cage Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide The Skull (p.238, fig.8.4) •8 sutured bones in cranium •Facial bones: 13 sutured bones 1 mandible Cranium encases brain attachments for muscles sinuses The Vertebral Column (p.251 fig.8.18, 8.19) Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs made of cartilage The spine has a normal S curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Parts are: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (4) Pathological curves are scoliosis, kyphosis & lordosis (p.252, fig. 8.21) Side 5.2 Thoracic cage (p.257, Fig.8.27) • Twelve thoracic vertebrae behind are connected to sternum by ribs (“costa” – lat.). • It contains the lungs and heart and provides attachment for the shoulder girdle. • The cage also protects the spleen, major part of the liver, and a little bit kidneys. • For inhalation external intercostal respiratory muscles and diaphragm contract to create a vacuum that draws air into the lungs. Exhalation is passive action for resting condition. Sternum & ribs • Sternum – is the breastbone • Ribs 1 -7 are “true” ribs, due to their direct attachment to the sternum • Ribs 8 – 10 are “false” ribs • Ribs 11 & 12 are floating ribs Shoulder girdle & upper extremity (pp.260 – 264) • • • • • • • • Clavicula – collar bone Scapula – shoulder blade Humerus – arm bone Radius – forearm bone Ulna – forearm bone Carpal bones (8) – wrist bones Metacarpal bones (5) - palm bones Phalanx bones (14) – finger bones Pelvic girdle & lower extremity (pp.265 – 271) • • • • • • • Pelvic girdle (pelvis & sacrum) Femur - thigh Tibia – medial leg bone Fibula – lateral leg bone Tarsal bones - ankle Metatarsal bones - foot Phalax bones - toes