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© R Baker Year 7 Revision booklet • One sheet per topic • Mind map, note or questionnaire type form • Some links to the internet • For on-line Biology tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3biology/ks3biology.htm • For on-line Chemistry tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3chemistry/ks3chemistry.htm • For on-line Physics tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3physics/ks3physics.htm • For a general revision site www.scibermonkey.org Year 7 Revision booklet 1 © R Baker 7A GROUPS of CELLS make TISSUES GROUPS of TISSUES make ORGANS NUCLEUS Contain DNA and the Genes which control our inherited features The nucleus also makes PROTEINS, vital for new Cells (growth) Cells are very small Microscopes are needed to see them All living things are made of CELLS the basic building blocks of life Palisade cells perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS in the Chloroplasts which trap light energy and turn it into food, starch (carbohydrates) Magnification Power of eyepiece lens X Power of Objective lens Cells specialise for different functions Plant cells also have VACUOLE CHOLOROPLASTS CELL WALL Year 7 Revision booklet All Cells have NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE 2 7B Zygote becomes ball of cells, then embryo, then foetus. 9 months to birth © R Baker Male gamete (Sperm or Pollen)+ Female Gamete (Egg) = Fertilised Cell (Zygote) Male puberty: Deeper voice Testes drop Face hair & spots Muscles & Shoulders develop REPRODUCTION The way a species survives Ovum is much, much bigger than sperm. One ovum per month. It waits for up to 4 days for a sperm before it dies. Female Puberty: Hips broaden Breasts develop Menstruation starts (Periods) Tut tutting, spots Key words: Uterus (womb), oviduct (fallopian tube), placenta, amniotic sac & fluid, cervix, vagina, penis Sperm are tiny, have large head (nucleus) long tail for swimming and middle bit for energy Year 7 Revision booklet 3 © R Baker 7C • • • • • • • • Environment and feeding relationships A HABITAT is where an organism lives. A habitat supplies plants and animals (organisms) with shelter, energy and materials Animals and plants are ADAPTED to their habitats Plants make their own food (by photosynthesis) Animals eat plants (HERBIVORES or PRIMARY CONSUMERS) or other animals (PREDATORS or SECONDARY CONSUMERS) These feeding relationships are shown in a FOOD CHAIN An arrow means Food for, pointing into mouth of consumer. Many food chains for a complex number of organisms are shown in a FOOD WEB Secondary Consumer: Wolf Energy Source: The Sun Primary Consumer: Deer Producer: Grass A Food Web! A Food Chain starts with energy from the sun being turned into food by the Producer (any plant). Primary consumers get about 1/10 of the plant’s stored energy when they eat a plant, secondary consumers get about 1/10 of the stored energy of the primary consumer when they eat it. So Food chain are always short, never more than 4 links Year 7 Revision booklet 4 © R Baker 7D Variation and Classification VARIATION Variations, e.g. eye and hair colour, which parents pass to offspring are called inherited variations these are caused by taking a gene from the father or mother alternately. Variations, e.g. language or scars, caused by the environment are called environmental variations CHROMOSOMES KingdomPhylumOrderClassOrderFamilyGenus Species Animal Kingdom Vertebrates See above Invertebrates Arthropods Many other Classes INSECTS A human has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each chromosome carries an instruction for an aspect of the new organism, e.g. its sex. Gametes (sperm and egg cells) each carry 23 unpaired chromosomes which become paired in the zygote Sperm carry and X and Y chromosome Eggs carry X and X chromosomes SPIDERS So an XY becomes a new boy and an XX a new girl. Insects and Spiders are different orders because: Spiders have 8 legs & 2 part bodies Insects have 6 legs & 3 part bodies Year 7 Revision booklet 5 © R Baker 7E Acids and Bases • • • Acid + Base= Salt + Water (e.g. Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide= Sodium Chloride + Water) Acid + Metal= Salt + Hydrogen (e.g. Hydrochloric Acid + Magnesium = Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen) Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide (e.g. Hydrochloric Acid + Copper Carbonate = Copper Chloride + Water +Carbon Dioxide) • All 3 reactions are neutralisation reactions • All acids contain Hydrogen • The pH Scale shows: • acidity or alkalinity • • • • • • • In farming Lime (Calcium oxide) is used to neutralise acid fields Toothpaste is a weak alkali used to neutralise mouth acids Indigestion tablets neutralise stomach acids (indigestion) Tea, Citrus fruits & vinegar are all acids Hydrogen Test is: “pop” with lighted splint Carbon Dioxide test is: limewater (Calcium Hydroxide) goes cloudy Acid rain is caused by Sulphur (from coal) burning to make sulphur dioxide a very acid gas Year 7 Revision booklet 6 © R Baker Simple Chemical Reactions 7F • There are 6 basic chemical reactions: • • • • • • • COMBINATION is when two substances combine to make one new substance. DECOMPOSTION is when one substance breaks down into two new substances CORROSION is when iron reacts with water and oxygen to form a hydrated iron oxide (RUST) NEUTRALISATION is the reaction between and ACID and a BASE (ACID + BASE + SALT + WATER) REVERSIBLE reactions are reactions which can go forwards and backwards. Reactions with Water and anhydrous Cobalt Chloride or Anhydrous Copper Sulphate are REVERSIBLE. DISPLACEMENT (or REDOX = REDUCTION / OXIDATION) reactions involve the swapping of a non metal between two metals. The more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal (or the more reactive metal is OXIDIZED and the less reactive metal REDUCED) • WORD EQUATION EXAMPLES OF THESE REACTIONS (plus colours!) • • REDUCTION / OXIDATION or DISPLACEMENT Lead Oxide + Carbon Lead + Carbon dioxide (Lead oxide is Reduced , Carbon is Oxidised) Copper Sulphate + Iron Copper + Iron Sulphate (Copper is displaced by more reactive iron) • COMBINATION Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide • • DECOMPOSITION Copper Carbonate Copper Oxide + Carbon dioxide • • NEUTRALISATION Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Chloride (Salt) + Water • • REVERSIBLE Hydrated Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride (anhydrous) + water Year 7 Revision booklet (This is a chemical test for water) 7 © R Baker 7G Particle model of solids, liquids and gases Particle sizes vary from the smallest hydrogen atom to complex compounds made of thousands of different atoms. All particles move randomly This model is also called the kinetic theory of matter Gas Particles spread out, move fast no forces between particles, low density (high energy state) Liquid Particles very close together, move easily , strong forces between particles, high density (medium energy state) Solid Particles packed tightly together, only oscillation, very strong forces between particles, highest density (lowest energy state) M D V Density is a measure of how much mass is concentrated in a given volume Density of Block = Mass/ Volume =3300g/(5x11x6) cm³ =10g/cm³ REMEMBER “Mad Dogs Vomit” Year 7 Revision booklet To see this animated go to: http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/ All matter is made up of particles Block Weighs 3330g B=5cm; L=11cm,H=6cm 8 © R Baker 7H • • • • • • • • • • • • Solutions Solutions are clear mixtures of one or more components. The liquid is called the SOLVENT; The key “S” Words the solid is called the SOLUTE. If the solid dissolves it is SOLUBLE SOLVENT: a liquid which forming a SOLUTION. dissolves a solute If it doesn’t dissolve it is INSOLUBLE forming a SOLUTE: a solid which dissolves SUSPENSION. in a liquid Similarly liquids can mix, (MISCIBLE SOLUTION: the resultant mixture liquids) to form solutions or of soluble solute and solvent not mix (IMMISCIBLE liquids) which SATURATED: when a solution form EMULSIONS can hold no more solute at that When a SOLUTION can hold no more SOLUTE, it is SATURATED. temperature The particle theory describes how SUSPENSION: the resultant particles “disappear” in a solution mixture of insoluble solute and and how they can be seen in a solvent suspension. SOLUBILITY is a measure of how You can separate mixtures by using much solute dissolves in a given the differing physical properties of the components. amount of solvent. (SOLUBILITY Differences in SOLUBILITY– increases with temperature.) FILTERING or CHROMATOGRAHY Copper Sulphate Solution Differences in Boiling point – EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION To see how salt (Sodium Chloride) dissolves in water go to: or DISTILLATION (simple or http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/dissolve.html fractional) CHROMATOGRAPHY: separating colours using a liquid 9 Year 7 Revision booklet DISTILLATION: Evaporation following by condensation. © R Baker 7G, H & F Particles, Solutions & Simple Chemical Reactions You will need to know these terms Formed when 2 or more elements join or bond together Forms when a solid does not dissolve in a liquid. The particles stay together in clumps. E.g. Chalk + Water Describes a solid which does not separate and mix with liquid particles The random mixing and movement of (gas) particles The breaking down of a substance using an electric current A technique to separate coloured solutions The process in which solid particles disappear in a liquid Describes a solid whose particles mix evenly with the particles of a liquid The coating of one metal layer on top of another metal using electricity The liquid part of a mixture The solid part of a mixture The breaking down of one substance in to two or more simpler substances Forms because two liquids mix Forms because two liquids do not mix A process of evaporation and condensation A pure substance made up of one type of atom When 2 or more substances are joined together Formed when 2 or more substances are added together. It can be separated by simple physical means (e.g. filtration, chromatography, distillation etc.) A solid which is formed when 2 liquids are added together Formation of rust (iron oxide) through the action of water and oxygen The result of mixing an acid and a base (alkali) to form salt +water. A technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid A process in which a liquid turns to a gas, leaving a solid behind Burning in oxygen Year 7 Revision booklet Answer Select answers from these terms: Diffusion, Dissolving Soluble Insoluble Solvent Solute Suspension Miscible Immiscible Chromatography Distillation Evaporation Filtration Element Compound Combination Mixture Decomposition Precipitate Corrosion Electrolysis Electroplating Neutralization Combustion 10 Energy resources 7I • • • • • • • © R Baker NON RENEWABLE ENERGY Fossil fuels are stores of energy formed from the remains of plants and animals that were alive millions of years ago. Coal, oil and gas are fossil fuels. The are running out and cause global warming. RENEWABLE ENERGY Energy Resources which will not run out nor cause a problem with global warming! Biomass (e.g. Wood), Geothermal (heat from the Earth’s molten core), Tidal energy (which comes from the movement of the tides), Nuclear energy (which comes from the splitting of uranium atoms), Hydroelectric power (which comes from the gravitational potential energy of water in mountains), Solar power (energy from the sun’s radiation), Wave power (from the energy stored up in waves), Wind power (harnessed by building wind turbines) To find out more and test yourself go to: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/energy/index.asp The Principle of the conservation of energy: “Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be transformed into a different form of energy”. ENERGY IS THE ABILITY TO DO WORK Type of Energy Caused By Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Electrical Energy Heat Energy Sound Energy Light Energy Elastic Energy Position Speed Current & Voltage Temperature Vibrations Radiation Compression Year 7 Revision booklet 11 © R Baker 7J Electricity • • • • • • • • • • • • • A simple series circuit (09) with 2 cells and 3 bulbs All bulbs light, one break whole circuit stops, bulbs are dimmer as more bulbs added. A complex parallel circuit (21) with 3 parallel arms Each arm can be switched on/off, arms are same brightness as more arms added Electricity will only flow in a completed circuit Electricity is the flow of electrons through conductors. All metals are good conductors Non metals, wood, plastic are insulators Current is measured in Amps using an Ammeter The voltage of a cell is the pushing force which get the electrons moving. Resistors block the flow of electrons. You must learn the basic electrical symbols There are others e.g. Fuse, Reed Switch, Electromagnet, Diode, Light Dependent Resistor Year 7 Revision booklet 12 © R Baker Speed is 7K Don’t Throw Stones distance divided by time D Moment =Force x Distance ? X 8=2X4 so ?= 1N 2N ?N 4cms 8cms Forces’ direction are indicated by an arrow push or a pull Other key forces: Upthrust, Friction, Air resistance (drag) F Parrots Attack P S A Force is Forces can only: Change shape, Change direction Speed things up Slow things down Flying T When a balance occurs Moments are equal So we can determine an unknown weight A Pressure is force divided by area A force will stretch a spring ; more force means more extension. This is used to measure forces in the Newton meter Gravity is the force of attraction between masses. On Earth Gravity acts on mass to produce weight. 1 kg becomes 10N, N= Newton, the unit of force is measured with a force or Newtonmeter. Bigger masses exert bigger gravitational pulls Year 7 Revision booklet 13 © R Baker 7L • • • • • • • THE SOLAR SYSTEM Planets are held in their orbits because of the BALANCE between their GRAVITY and their SPEED. The combination of the orbit and the tilt of the planet (Earth) give us SEASONS. Planets also ROTATE on their AXIS giving us night and day and moving the shadows from long in the mornings to short at midday to long in the afternoon. Although the Sun (and stars at night) appear to move across the sky during the course of the day (or night); their apparent movement is caused by the rotation of the Earth. The Sun is LIGHT SOURCE, whilst the Moon orbits the Earth it reflects sunlight to us on Earth. This combination of ORBITING and Reflection give rise to the PHASES OF THE MOON. The moon both ORBITS the Earth and spins on its own axis every 28 days. Consequently we only ever see one side of the moon. The Earth ORBITS the Sun and because the Earth’s AXIS is tilted, this causes one hemisphere to point towards the sun (summer) and one hemisphere away from the sun (winter) as it moves around the Sun. • • The order of the planets is: M V E M (Rocky) • Stars do not move but appear to circle the earth because of its rotation. • • • • • • • • • • Key Words: ORBIT: To path around a larger object, the Earth orbits the sun, the moon orbits the Earth AXIS: an imaginary line about which the object (Earth) rotates or spins WAXING: getting bigger, applied to the visible part of the moon WANING: getting smaller, applied to the visible part of the moon NEW, CRESCENT, HALF, GIBBOUS, FULL: the order of the PHASES OF THE MOON: when it is WAXING STAR a stationary large luminous object GALAXY millions of solar systems, our galaxy is called the Milky Way. UNIVERSE all galaxies, matter, everything! GRAVITY the force of attraction between 2 large bodies, it increases as the bodies get bigger and closer J S U N (Gas giants) Year 7 Revision booklet P Rocky 14 7L Groups of stars are called constellations. Orion is a good example The moon is a satellite. It reflects sunlight, as it orbits the Earth, every 28 days, we see more or less of its surface, this called phases of the moon. Total surface = Full Moon No Surface = New moon The Earth rotates (spins) on an Axis. © R Baker This Planets orbit stars gives us day & night. because of the balance Between their speed and The attractive gravitational force The axis is tilted relative to a line to the sun and this gives us The seasons of the year, which different amounts of sunlight Planets orbits are circular, with The SOLAR SYSYTEM SPACE the more distant planets taking much longer to orbit the sun The Universe contains all matter. It is made up of Galaxies, which contain millions of Stars, each of which has a Star (or Solar) system, each of which has planets, which usually have satellites or moons. Stars are massive, stationary and give out light; Planets orbit stars, are smaller and reflect light The Earth, Distance to moon, Year 7 Revision booklet The Moon (all same scale)