Transcript Document

C#
.NET
C# language
C#
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A modern, general-purpose object-oriented language
Part of the .NET family of languages
ECMA standard
Based on C and C++
.NET
• Multiple languages which can interoperate
• Languages compile to a common
intermediate language
• Common Language Runtime runs programs
from all the .NET languages
C# versus Java
• Both intended to be improvements on C and C++
– Java aims to be one language for many platforms
• portable (platform-independent)
• safe
– C# aims to provide many languages for a single platform
• power
• unsafe code is allowed
• not platform-independent
Language Features
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Strong type checking
Array bounds checking
Detection of uninitialized variables
Automatic garbage collection
Designed for use in distributed environments
Supports internationalization
First Program
namespace FirstProgram {
class First {
static void Main() {
System.Console.WriteLine(
"Welcome to C#!");
}
}
}
C# on onyx
• Workstations have a Windows virtual
machine with C# Express installed
• See the handout at
http://cs.boisestate.edu/~tcole/cs354/fall11/handouts
/csharp.pdf
• There is also a version of mono, an opensource implementation of C#
– Command is monodevelop
C# Express
• VMWare should get installed on all the
workstations in the lab
– Not on the server
– Virtual machine is frozen
• you have to transfer any files you create onto onyx
– Use SSH Secure File Copy program
Getting your own copy
• C# Express
– Free from Microsoft
– http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio/enus/products/2010-editions/visual-csharp-express
– .NET Development Environment
• Available to you through MSDN Alliance
Keywords (reserved)
abstract
as base bool
break byte
case
catch char
checked
class const continue
decimal
default delegate
do double else
enum event
explicit extern false finally fixed float
for
foreach
goto
if implicit in int interface
internal is lock
long
namespace new
null
object operator
out
override
params private protected
public readonly
ref return sbyte sealed short
sizeof stackalloc
static string struct switch this
throw true
try typeof uint
ulong unchecked
unsafe ushort using virtual volatile void
while
Keyword correspondence
• base - used like this for accessing overridden methods from
parent class
•const
- used for constants instead of final
• foreach - like for : in java
• namespace - serves similar purpose to import
•sealed
- similar to final for overridden methods and derived
classes
New Keywords
• checked - causes OverflowException for integer overflow instead
of silent overflow
• override - used to label overridden methods
• virtual
- allows a method to be overridden
• uint, ulong, ushort - unsigned integer types
• decimal - fixed-point type
• partial
- a type definition or a method definition can be spread
over more than one file
• ref, out
- modifiers for method parameters
C# Program Structure
• A program consists of one or more files
• A file can contain one or more classes and/or
namespaces
– name of file is not tied to name of class
• At least one class must contain Main
– There are several allowed signatures
• return type is either int or void
• either no parameter or String array
C# Types
• Unified type system
– Everything can be treated as an object
• Value types
– simple types: primitive types from Java plus
unsigned types and decimal
– structs
– enum
• Reference types - like object references in
Java
• Pointer types - used only in unsafe code
Operators
• Java operators with similar precedence
• Extra operators
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typeof - returns class name (getClass())
checked/unchecked (overflow)
is (like instance of)
as (returns cast value or null)
• Unsafe operators
– *, &, sizeof
Operators: differences from Java
• C# allows you to overload operators
• == compares values for strings and simple
types, addresses for all other objects
Console I/O
• System.Console.WriteLine( arg)
– argument can be any type
– for objects, ToString is invoked
• System.Console.ReadLine()
– returns a String
• System is a namespace
– using System; allows you to omit the
namespace when calling the method
Namespaces
• Sort of like a package
– in Java, package statement applies to everything
in the file
– can import all or part of a package
• A single C# file can contain classes from
different namespaces
– using imports entire namespace
C# Class Members
• Data Members
– Field
• instance
• static
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Constant
Read-only
Delegate
Event
• Function Members
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Instance constructor
Static constructor
Method
Property (accessor/mutator)
Indexer
Operator
Destructor (finalizer)
Nested types (inner classes)
C# Class Modifiers
• new
• abstract
• sealed (final)
• access modifiers
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public
protected
internal
private
Inheritance
• Single inheritance (System.Object)
class <class_name>:<super_class> {… }
• Interfaces provide restricted form of multiple
inheritance
interface <interface_name> {… }
– Syntax for implementing is same as for inheritance
– Multiple interfaces separated by comma
– Super class, if any, must be first in list
Methods
• Same syntax as Java
• Default access is private (rather than
package)
• Value types are passed by value usually
– ref keyword used to pass by reference
– out keyword provides for return values
• Reference types behave as in Java
Properties
• C# properties provide the same service as
Java's accessors and mutators
public string Color {
String MyColor;
get {return MyColor;}
set { MyColor = value; } }
• Use the name Color to get value of or assign
value to private instance variable MyColor
Object Initializers
public class Bunny {
public string Name;
public bool LikesCarrots;
public bool LikesHumans;
public Bunny () {}
public Bunny (string n) { Name = n; }
}
Bunny b1 = new Bunny { Name="Bo",
LikesCarrots=true, LikesHumans=false };
Bunny b2 = new Bunny ("Bo")
{
LikesCarrots=true, LikesHumans=false };
Control Statements
• do, while, for, if-else same as in Java
• foreach provides loop for arrays
• switch-case like Java except
– string case values are allowed
– no fall-through behavior
• use goto case <label> instead
• C# has goto statement
String
• string is alias for System.String
• reference type
– equality operators use value semantics
• Literals are written with double quotes around them
– use \ for escape character
• Verbatim string preceded by @
– escape character not supported
– can span multiple lines
string verbatim = @" verbatim string with a "" in it"
Arrays
• Arrays are objects
– Subclasses of System.Array
– Reverse, Sort, IndexOf methods
• Declaration, instantiation, initialization, element
access as in Java for 1D arrays
int []MyArray = new int[5];
– Length property gives the number of elements
– Only this syntax is allowed
Arrays
• For rectangular 2D arrays
int [,] Array2D = new int[2,5];
– Length property gives total number of
elements
– Element access is the same as in Java
• For jagged arrays
int [][] JaggedArray2D = new
int[2][];
JaggedArray[0] = new int[3];
Structs
• A struct is very similar to a class except
– structs are value types; classes are
reference types
– no inheritance
– struct has a default constructor always
– all constructors must initialize all data
– can be "instantiated” without new
Exceptions
• System.Exception
• try-catch-finally has same syntax as Java
– Don't need a variable name in catch if you aren't
going to use it
– Within catch block, throw throws the exception that
was caught
• All exceptions are unchecked
Delegates
• Delegate is a special type that encapsulates
one or more methods
public delegate int MyDelegate( string
s, int i);
• Instantiate with a method that has the same
signature and return type
MyDelegate d2 =new
MyDelegate(obj.ObjectMethod);
Events
• C# event model is similar to Java - delegation
based
• An Event is a special type of Delegate
• Event is created by event source when an
event occurs. The Event is passed to the
event consumer's handler
• Handlers must be registered with the event
source
etc.
• Operator overloading
• Reflection - asking a class for information
about itself
• Attributes
– Used to add annotation to a class that can be read
using reflection
• Preprocessor
• Unsafe code
mono
• mono is an open-source project that provides
facilities for running C# programs under Linux
http://www.mono-project.com
• Compile a program by typing
mcs First.cs
• Run a program by typing
mono First.exe
Reference Material
• Safari books at Albertson's Library
– C# in Depth
– Learning C#
– Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step
– Programming C#