Transcript French and Indian War

Salutary Neglect
• Term for the hands off style of governance
that the British maintained over the
American colonies during the reigns of King
George I and George II (1714-1760)
• Contributed to the rise of colonial self
reliance
• Ended after the French and Indian War,
when the British imposed the Proclamation
of 1763 and the Sugar Act
Fort Necessity
• 22 year old George Washington and his
militia built this fort across from Fort
Duquesne
French and
Indian War
• Also known as the Seven Years War
• Fought from 1756-1763 between
American colonists and British troops on
one side , and the French and Native
Americans tribes on the other side
• Americans and British won, expanding
the western frontier of the colonies
• Gave British control of North America
• Followed by the Proclamation of 1763
Pontiac
• Pontiac
• This Ottawa leader and his men
captured eight British forts, and
laid siege on two others.
Treaty of Paris
• Treaty that ended the French Indian War.
Proclamation
of 1763
• British proclamation after the end of the French
and Indian War
• Prohibited colonists from moving west of the
Appalachian Mountains
• Angered American colonists
• Marked the end of Salutary Neglect
Navigation Acts
• Series of acts of Parliament passed
between 1561 and 1776 to restrict trade in
the American colonies
• Among other duties, the Navigation Acts
taxed hats, wool, molasses, sugar, and
tea, as well as banned commerce with any
nation not part of the British Empire
Stamp Act
• Passed in 1764 (shortly after the Sugar Act) by
Parliament
• Levied taxes on all documents and printed
items
• Intended to raise funds to pay British debts from
the French and Indian War
• Gave rise to the American cry of “No taxation
without representation”
• Led to the rise of the Sons of Liberty
“No Taxation without
Representation”
• Many American colonists did not want to
pay taxes unless they were fairly
represented in parliament The colonists
protested this phrase
Sugar Act
• Passed in 1764 by Parliament
• Increased taxes on sugar and widened the
scope of the Vice admiralty courts
• Along with the Proclamation of 1763 and the
Stamp Act, led to increased agitation among
American colonists
Townshend Acts
• 1768 act of Parliament that imposed new
duties on paper, paint, glass, and tea
imported into the American colonies
• Used the revenue to pay British
government officials working in the
American colonies, thus preventing the
colonists from withholding the salaries of
officials who enforced British laws in the
face of popular disapproval
• Led the colonists to boycott taxed goods
• Eventually resulted in the Boston Tea
Party
“Virtual
representation
”
• British response to American colonists’
argument against “taxation without
representation”
• By this, Britain meant that each member
of Parliament represents the interests of
all citizens in the British Empire equally,
thereby representing the American
colonists despite their inability to send
their own representatives to Parliament
• Argument was roundly mocked by
colonial rabble-rousers, including the
Sons of Liberty and Thomas Paine,
author of Common Sense
Sons of Liberty
• Name of the group of colonial
activists who organized to incite
opposition to British rule in the
American colonies
• Founded in response to the
Stamp Act
• Most famous for their leadership in
the Boston Tea Party
Boston Massacre
• 1770 confrontation between colonists
and British troops stationed in Boston
• Colonists taunted and abused soldiers
until the soldiers fired on the crowd,
killing five colonists
• Colonial rabble-rousers spread
propaganda about the incident,
portraying the dead as innocent
victims and calling the event this.
committees of correspondence
• Massachusetts and Virginia set up this
communication network to communicate with
other colonies about this and other threats to
American liberties.
Boston Tea Party
• After the repeal of the Townshend Acts, the Tea
Tax was still in place
• In protest, in December 1773, a group of
colonists under the leadership of the Sons of
Liberty and disguised as Mohawk Indians
boarded a British ship in Boston Harbor and
threw its cargo of tea into the harbor
• The British responded by passing the
Intolerable Acts (also known as the Coercive
Acts), which closed Boston Harbor, among
many other provisions
• As a result, the First Continental Congress
convened
Intolerable Acts
• Colonial nickname for acts of parliament
known as the coercive acts
• Passed in 1774 in response to the Boston
Tea Party
• Closed Boston Harbor, Prohibited meeting
of colonists to discuss political or
economic matters, and required colonists
to provide housing for British soldiers
• Provided the drive for the first continental
congress
Common
Sense
• Political pamphlet designed to
incite colonists to support the
move for independence, which
would eventually lead to the
American Revolution
• Published by Thomas Paine in
January 1776
Enlightenment
• A social movement in Europe during
the eighteenth century
• Also know as the age of reason
• Characterized by greater emphasis on
science, mathematics,logic, and law
• Many of the social theories of the
Enlightenment were reflected in the
Declaration of Independence
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
• One of the founding Fathers
• Newspaperman, civic leader, scientist, inventor,
writer, and politician
• Signed the Declaration of Independence
• Served as U.S. ambassador to France during
George Washington’s presidency
• Famous for inventing the lightening rod and for
writing Poor Richard’s Almanac and the
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
• One of the Founding fathers; Virginian.
• Author of the Declaration of Independence.
• Ambassador to France under the Articles of Confederation
government.
• Author of the 1786 Virginia statute on religious freedom
• Secretary of state during George Washington’s presidency until he
resigned in protest of the First National Bank
• After resigning was founder and leader of the Democratic Republican
Party.
• Vice president during the presidency of John Adams
• Leader of the opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts
• One of the author of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Leader of the Revolution of 1800’s
• President from 1801-1809
• Approved the Louisianan Purchase
• Commissioned the expedition of Virginia
• Architect, scientist, inventor, reader, politician, famous thinker
• Donated his book collection to begin the Library of Congress
• First major advocate of universal public education
First Continental
Congress
• First widespread organization
against the British rule in the
American colonies
• Convened in 1774 in Philadelphia
in response to the passage of the
Intolerable Acts
• 12 colonies (all but Georgia) sent
representatives
• Demanded repeal of the
Intolerable Acts
Second Continental Congress
• Convened in the Spring of 1775, just before “The shot heard
‘round the world”
• Commissioned and ratified the Declaration of Independence
• After the outbreak of the American Revolution, appointed
George Washington general of the Continental Army, oversaw
the printing of currency, and drafted the Articles of
Confederation
Declaration of
Independence
• Document ratified by the Second Continental
Congress on July 4th, 1776
• Declared the American colonies completely
independent of Britain, thereby triggering the
American Revolution
• Drafted by Thomas Jefferson
• Eloquent expression of many Enlightenment
social theories made it a groundbreaking
document
• Source of famous words include, “We hold these
truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, endowed by their creator with certain
inalienable rights, and that these are life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness”
John Locke
• In writing the Declaration of
Independence, Thomas Jefferson used
concepts from this philosopher who
believed that life, liberty, and property
were the natural rights of mankind.
Patriots
• People who supported the independence
of the colonies.
Loyalists (Tories)
• Those who opposed independence and
remained loyal to the crown.
Paul Revere
• This man was a member of the Sons of
Liberty, and was told to warn Adams and
Hancock as well as the townspeople along
the way that the British were coming?
American Revolution
• War in which colonists fought the British in
an attempt to gain independence.
• War began with “the shot heard ‘round
the world”.
• Continental army was led by George
Washington.
• Was officially began with signing of the
Declaration of Independence.
Lexington and Concord
• What was the first battle of the
Revolutionary War.
• began with “the shot heard ‘round
the world”.
“Shot heard ‘round the world”
• Unexpected victory of colonial minutemen over
the British Army in April 1775
• Colonial minutemen had been alerted of
impending British attack by the famous midnight
ride of Paul Revere
• When British marched on Massachusetts towns
of Lexington and Concord, heavily
outnumbered colonial minutemen inflicted
significant losses of the British troops;
• marked the unofficial beginnings of the
American Revolution
Battle of Bunker Hill
• June 17th, 1775.
In this event the colonists showed their
resolve to stand up against the British in
battle.
• It was the bloodiest battle of the
Revolutionary War with over 1000 British
casualties and 400 colonists casualties.
• Famous quote, “don’t fire till you see the
whites of their eyes”.
Saratoga
• Turning point of the Revolutionary War.
• The October 17th, 1777, surrender here
dramatically changed Britain’s war strategy.
• From that time on, the British generally kept their
troops along the coast, close to the big guns and
the supply bases of the British Fleet.
• The French decided to support the Revolution.
Valley Forge
• Washington and his men spent the
uncomfortable winter of 1777-1778 at this
place in Pennsylvania.
• 2000 men died.
• Prussian drill master Freidrich von
Steuben helped gat the men ready to fight.
Friedrich von Steuben
• This Prussian captain aided the Americans
by making “regular soldiers out of country
bumpkins”
Hessians
• German mercenaries, or soldiers who
fought solely for money. They were hired
by the British during the American
Revolution.
Articles of
Confederation
• The first document to outline a government for
the United States.
• Took effect during the American Revolution.
• Vested powers of decisions in the Continental
Congress, reserving most authority for states to
decided on their own.
• Did not create an executive branch of the
government
• Created problems because of its weak central
government.
• Replaced when the Constitutional Convention
chose not to amend it but to create the
Constitution instead.
Molly Pitcher
• the nickname of Mary Ludwig Hays
McCauly, the woman who took her
husband’s place at a cannon when he was
wounded at the Battle of Monmouth.
Lafayette
• Brave, 19 year old French aristocrat, who
offered military assistance to the
Continental Army.
• Helped Americans win at Yorktown.
Benedict Arnold
• General who betrayed the Continental
Army in the Revolutionary War.
• The most famous traitor of all time.
Yorktown
Where the British surrendered
to the Americans.
Charles Cornwallis
• The British general who after being
defeated at Yorktown, had one of his
fellow generals surrender to George
Washington
Treaty of
Paris
• This agreement ended the American
Revolution
• Signed in 1783
• In the peace agreements that ended the
French and Indian War,
• Spain ceded to England all of Louisiana,
including New Orleans.
• England turned Florida over to Spain.
• France surrendered all of its territorial
claims on North America.
• France lost all its valuable sugar islands in
the West Indies.
• With the Proclamation Line of 1763, the
British government attempted to
• encourage settlement west of the
Appalachians
• force France off the North American
continent
• stop settlement west of the Appalachians
• make friends with the Native Americans
and Spanish
• The Enlightenment was a movement
that emphasized the value of
• reason
• Miracles
• Religion
• alliances
• The Stamp Act was an effort by the
British Parliament to
• reduce colonial smuggling
• boost the colonial shipbuilding industry
• limit the colonists' use of paper
• raise money to pay for colonial protection
from the Native Americans
• Colonists objected to the Stamp Act
because
• Parliament passed the tax, not the
colonists.
• they believed it could not be repealed.
• it was a very expensive tax.
• they opposed all taxes.
• Which of the following was the largest
and most active group of colonists who
supported independence from Britain?
• The Tories
• The Iroquois Nation
• The Sons of Liberty
• The Federalists
• The famous colonial rabble-rouser who
authored the convincing proindependence pamphlet Common
Sense is
• Patrick Henry
• Samuel Adams
• Thomas Paine
• John Jay
• Who said, "Give me liberty, give me
death?"
• Samuel Adams
• John Dickinson
• George Washington
• Patrick Henry
• Which Enlightenment philosopher
influenced the American belief in selfgovernment?
• Jonathan Edwards
• Roger Williams
• Baron de Montesquieu
• John Locke
•
•
•
•
Whose concepts did Jefferson draw
upon as he drafted the Declaration of
Independence?
Samuel Adams's
Marquis de Lafayette's
Benjamin Franklin's
John Locke's
• Which of these colonial American
documents outlines the "inalienable
rights" of "life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness"?
• Common Sense
• The Constitution
• The Federalist Papers
• The Declaration of Independence
• Those who supported a continued
relationship with Britain were known as
• Anti-Federalists
• Libertarians
• Native Americans
• Tories
• Which of the following is NOT an event
that led to the American Revolution?
• Proclamation Line of 1763
• Treaty of Paris 1783
• Townshend Acts
• Intolerable Acts
• During which event did the first fighting
between redcoats and minutemen
occur?
• Boston Massacre
• Battle of Monmouth
• Battle of Lexington
• Battle of Bunker Hill
• Which of the following does NOT show
colonial resistance to British rule?
• First Continental Congress
• Boston Tea Party
• Minutemen
• Treaty of Paris 1763
• As the War for Independence began,
England had to its advantage
• the support of all Indians.
• overwhelming national wealth and naval
power.
• a well-organized and united home
government and population.
• During the Revolutionary War, what did
the Continental Army lack?
• motivation to fight
• knowledge of the land
• food and ammunition
• good military leadership
• Which is NOT true about George Washington
and/or his involvement as the leader of the
Continental Army?
• He avoided any situation that threatened the
destruction of his army.
• His leadership kept the army together when
defeat seemed inevitable.
• He is a colonial aristocrat from Virginia.
• He did not ask for pay or supplies for his army.
• Who was sent from the colonies to
negotiate the Treaty of Alliance?
• John Jay
• John Adams
• Benjamin Franklin
• Thomas Jefferson
• The Battle of Saratoga was a key victory for
the Americans because it
• brought the British to offer recognition of colonial
independence.
• brought the colonists much-needed aid and a
formal alliance with France.
• prevented the colonial capital from being
captured by the British.
• prevented the fighting from spreading into the
southern colonies.
• Which European country supported the
American colonies during the
Revolutionary War?
• Spain
• France
• Italy
• Germany
• Which event confirmed American
independence and set the boundaries
of the new nation?
• Battle of Yorktown
• The Olive Branch Petition
• The New Jersey Plan
• The Treaty of Paris 1783
• Britain gave America generous terms in
the Treaty of Paris 1783 because its
leaders
• had changed from Whig to Tory.
• were trying to convince America to
abandon its alliance with France.
• wanted to help Spain, as well.
• realized they had been beaten badly.