Transcript File

REVOLUTIONS
17: Enlightenment & American Revolution
18: French Revolution & Napoleon
19: Europe & Latin American Revolutions

Enlightenment

Natural Rights: rights that
belonged to humans from birth
(life, liberty, property)
 Government shouldn’t
violate
 Against monarchy
Great Writers:
 Thomas Hobbes: people are
selfish, need monarchy
 Montesquieu: 3 branches of
government to divide power
 Voltaire: no slave trade,
inequality
 Diderot: against monarchy
 Rosseau: minimal
government
Enlightenment
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Debate about women’s rights
Laissez faire:
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Businesses operate little/ no
government interference
Free trade
No tariffs
The Arts
 Baroque art:
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Rococo art:
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Lighter, delicate, pastel, rural
settings
Ballets, music concerts
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Colorful paintings, exciting,
ornate, religious & war topics
Bach, Haydn, Mozart
Novels

Enlightened Rulers: accepted new ideas &
used power to bring political & social
change
 Frederick II of Prussia
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Joseph II of Austria
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Reduced torture use
Allowed free press
Reorganized civil service
Simplified laws
Religious toleration
After Maria Theresa
Traveled in disguise to learn about problems of
people
Religious equality
Modernized government
Abolished serfdom
Catherine the Great of Russia
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Believed in equality & liberty
Limited reforms to abolish torture, religious
Britain:
Global Power
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Location allowed them to
control trade
Favorable climate to
business & commerce
Won most European
conflicts involved in
Gained Wales, Scotland,
and Ireland as well
George III: wanted to
become absolute monarch
again

Chose ministers, dissolved
cabinet system, made
Parliament do what he
Unhappy
Colonists

Passed taxes paid by colonists
to make up for the $ lost in
war
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Sugar Act (import taxes)
Stamp Act (taxes, newspapers,
pamphlets)
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Violent Clashes:
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Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
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Later Repealed
Passed harsh law to punish them
1st Continental Congress
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Philadelphia
What action should they take?
American
Revolution
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1775 US declared independence
from England
2nd Continental Congress
 Wrote Declaration of
Independence with
Enlightenment ideas
 natural rights, popular
sovereignty (government’s
power comes from the
people)
Founding Fathers:
 George Washington, James
Madison, Benjamin Franklin,
Thomas Jefferson
British winning early
Help from French, Netherlands
& Spain helps US win
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Articles of Confederation
written as 1st constitution
Rewritten into constitution
Federal Republic:
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Power divided between federal
government & states
Separation of powers among
legislative, executive, and
judicial branches
Bill of Rights
1st 10 amendments to
constitution
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Protects basics rights

Religion, speech, press
United
States of
America
French Revolution
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1789, France
outdated, Ancien
Regime (old order)
Divided into 3
estates: social
classes
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First: clergy
Second: nobility
Third: everyone
else, most
population
French Revolution: First Estate
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Church:
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owned about 10% of land
collected tithe
paid no taxes
clergy usually nobles
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lived richly
parish priests usually poor
Provided some social services
like hospitals & orphanages
Enlightenment ideas tried to
reform them, criticizing them
French Revolution: Second Estate
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Nobles:
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titled
Had little power b/c
monarchy took most of it
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Hated absolutism,
Top jobs in government,
army, courts, and Church
Many lived at Versailles
Owned and had little
income
Didn’t like middle class
Afraid of losing privilege
Paid no taxes
French Revolution: Third Estate
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Bourgeoise:
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top of the 3rd estate,
middle class
bankers, merchants,
lawyers, doctors,
professors,
manufacturers
could buy political offices
and titles
Peasants
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Urban workers poorest,
apprentices, journeymen,
servants, construction
workers, unemployed,
High crime and begging
High taxes
French Revolution: Finances
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Deficit Spending: government spends
more than brings in
Started during Louis XIV
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7 years war and US Revolution
Building of Versailles
tried to put taxes on nobles and clergy but
didn’t work
Hired Jacques Necker:
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financial advisor
abolish court spending
abolish tariffs
reform government
clergy and Nobles force him to resign
French Revolution: Estates General
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Estates General:
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legislative body of
representatives of 3 estates
King hadn’t called them in
175 years
Louis XVI did
 On verge of bankruptcy
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Each estate prepared a
cahier:
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notebooks listing grievances
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wanted fair taxes, freedom of
press, regular Estates General
meetings
French Revolution: Estates General
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Delegates to Estate
General were elected
3rd Estate only middle
class
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no peasants or urban
poor
Each group voted
separately
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1 vote each
1st and 2nd always
overruled 3rd
French Revolution: National Assembly
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June 1789 3rd
Estate declared themselves
a National Assembly to
represent the people
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Swore never to separate until
had established a new
constitution
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Tennis Court Oath
Some clergy and nobles in
favor of reform joined
Louis XVI accepted it, didn’t
want to
French Revolution: Bastille
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July 14, 1789
Paris citizens
stormed the
Bastille b/c
thought royal
troops were taking
over
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Many killed
Short riot
Celebrate as their
Independence Day,
Bastille Day
French Revolution
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1789
Famine, unemployment,
inflation increase “Great
Fear” of government
seizing crops
Peasants revolted
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burned noble land/homes
killed many
Marquis de Lafayette
head of National Guard
in Paris
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Hero in France
French Revolution: National Assembly
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August 4, 1789
National
Assembly voted
to end
privileges
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manorial dues,
hunting rights,
legal status and
exemption from
taxes
Abolished
Feudalism
French Revolution: National Assembly
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Declaration of Rights of
Man
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Modeled after US Dec. of
Ind.
Government protects
natural rights
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Male citizens all equal b/f
law
Freedom of religion
Freedom to hold public
office
Taxes based on ability to
pay
Women not included
French Revolution
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Louis XVI disliked
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October 5
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6,000women marched 13 miles demanding to
see the king
Paris to Versailles
Queen Marie Antoinette
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continued life as usual
against reform
bored with French court
Royal Family went to Paris to meet with
crowd
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lived at Paris palace next 3 years as prisoners
French Revolution
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National Assembly said to pay off
debt should take over church land
and sell for money
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Put Catholic Church under government
control
Clergy became elected, salaried
officials
Dissolved monasteries and convents
Pope condemned it, as did clergy
French Revolution:
Constitution of 1791
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Set up a limited monarchy
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Legislative body:
make laws
 collect taxes
 war and peace
 elected by tax paying men over 25
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Replaced provinces with 83 equal areas
Worked for moderate reformers
Radicals not happy
French Revolution
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June 1791 disguised as
a servant & governess
with royal children, the
royal family tries to flee
to Austria
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Maria Theresa’s family
rules there
Discovered and taken
back
Showed he didn’t
support revolution
French Revolution: Radicals Rule
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October 1791
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Legislative Assembly took office
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New economic issues
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inflation and food shortages
2 Radical groups:
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Lasted less than a year
Sans-culottes (working class)
Jacobins: middle class
Emigres
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nobles, clergy, and others fled France and revolution
turned others against Enlightenment
 Seen as deadly & chaotic
 Prussia and Austria threatened to intervene
 1792 went to war with Austria
French Revolution:
National Convention
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August 10, 1792
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Paris mob stormed
royal palace
killed king’s guard
 Royal Family fled
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September, 1792
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1,200 prisoners
attacked by mob
and killed
Radicals took
control of
Assembly called it
National
Convention
French Revolution:
National Convention
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National Convention:
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abolished the monarchy
created a republic
new constitution
Jacobins in control
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Suffrage (right to vote) given to all men
abolished all old order
seized all noble land & titles
Louis XVI tried as a traitor
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convicted, killed January 1793
October 1793 Marie Antoinette executed
French Revolution:
National Convention
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1793:
Britain, the Netherlands, Spain
and Prussia all fighting France
 Inflation and food shortages
 Convention divided between 2 groups
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Jacobins and Girodins
Created a Committee of Public Safety:
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12 members
absolute power to save revolution
in charge of trials and executions
Maximilien Robespierre in charge
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Promoted religious toleration, abolishment of
slavery
French Revolution:
National Convention
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Reign of Terror:
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September 1793-July 1794
Hasty trials, death to traitors
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Guillotine is developed
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300,000 arrested
17,000 killed
Mistaken identity or false accusations common
Many imprisoned
falling blade
more humane that beheading previously
July 27, 1794
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Robespierre arrested & executed
Other radicals fell, ended Radical Rule
French Revolution: 3rd Stage
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Constitution of 1795
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5 man Directory
2 house legislature of male citizens of property
 middle class dominated
Lasted until 1799
Weak, dictatorial
Made peace with Prussia and Spain
Fought Britain and Austria
Corrupt Leaders
Hunger and riots
Emigres returned from abroad
Napoleon Bonaparte, military hero used by
politicians to gain popularity
French Revolution: Effects
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3 stages in 10 years
Nationalism grew
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strong feelings of pride in and devotion
to a country
Social reform
Religious Toleration
Slavery abolished in Caribbean
colonies
Napoleon
1799-1815 ruled
 Trained in military
 Favored Jacobins (radicals) in
revolution but found it all confusing
 Rose quickly in the army
 1799:
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overthrew Directory
set up 3 man governing board, Consulate
Drew up new Constitution
Took title of First Consul
1802 Consul for life
1804 Emperor of France, pope presided over it
Held a plebiscite (popular vote by ballot) and French
supported him
Napoleon
Consolidated power
 Strengthened central
government
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Order, security, and efficiency
Controlled prices
Encouraged new industry
Built roads and canals
Started schools to revive
economy
Backed off of social reforms
Made peace with Catholic Church,
Napoleon
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People of all classes
supported him
Peasants got to keep
land bought from church
Middle class benefited
from economic reform
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Offered jobs based on
talent
Napoleonic Code:
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laws, equality, religious
toleration, no feudalism,
no rights for women
Napoleon
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1804-1812
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Controlled most of Europe through
diplomacy
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annexed the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of
Italy and Germany
abolished the Holy Roman Empire
took ½ of Prussia
took part of Poland
Put his brother on throne in Spain
Alliances elsewhere
Nationalism at all time high
Napoleon
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Britain tried to stop him
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Napoleon hurt British exports, but didn’t
conquer them
French spread revolutionary ideas across
Europe
Many resented Napoleon’s influence
everywhere
Spanish revolted against French
Napoleon
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1812
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attacked Russia
Tsar Alexander I, ally of Napoleon’s
Tsar felt threatened
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withdrew support
600,000 men and 50,000 horses
marched into Russia
Russians use scorched earth policy:
French couldn’t stay winter b/c would
starve so went back to France
 1,000 mile march
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20,000 survived
many died of cold or starvation
Napoleon’s reputation falls
Napoleon
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1813
 Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia join together
 Defeated Napoleon at Battle of the Nations at
Leipzig
1814
 Napoleon stripped of power and Louis XVIII,
brother put on throne
 Economic repression started
 Many feared old regime
1815
 Napoleon returns, Louis XVIII flees
 Napoleons 100 days of rule
 beat again at Waterloo
 exiled to St. Helena, never returned, died 1821
Napoleon’s Effects
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Napoleonic Code consolidated
revolution’s changes
Created centralized state in France
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elections and limited suffrage
Failed to make French Empire
Inspired nationalism
W/O Holy Roman Empire, Germany
would form
Congress of Vienna
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Congress of Vienna
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Met 10 months in 1814-15
Restore Europe
Create balance of power & protect the monarchies
Redrew map of Europe
Promoted idea of legitimacy:
 restoring hereditary monarchies
 France, Portugal, Spain and Italy
Austria, Russia, Prussia, and GB pledge to maintain
balance of power
Met periodically to discuss peace problems in
Europe

Peaceful for about 100 years in Europe
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Conservatives
 Want monarchs to have
all the power
 Natural rights lead to
chaos
Liberals
 Originally wanted basic
rights
 Later universal
manhood suffrage
 all men right to vote
Nationalists
 Groups who share
common heritage
should have own
Revolutions in
Europe & Latin
America
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Serbia:
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Greece:
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1st Balkans who revolt
Europe
Gained independence from
Ottomans with help from
Russians
Revolted against Ottomans
Help from Britain, France &
Russia
Belgium:
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Won independence from
the Dutch
Help from Britain & France
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Poland:
 Tries to rebel
 Had been divided up by Russia,
Austria, & Prussia
2nd French Revolution:
 Recession & Private Ownership
 Louis Philippe stepped down
 2nd Republic created
 June Days violent protests
killed over 1,500
 Louis Napoleon elected
president
 Nephew of Napoleon
 Cared about social issues
 Declared himself emperor by
Europe
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Austria:
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Many revolts
Government agreed to reform
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Only temporary
Troops regained control
Italy:
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Europe
Rebels sought constitutional government
Didn’t last
German States:
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Demanded national unity & reform
Assembly created, later dissolved
Failed attempt
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Creoles, Mestizos, and
mulattoes wanted change
Hispaniola, Haiti:

Toussaint L’Ouverture
Rebel
 Self-educated former slave

Led army former slaves
 1798, slavery abolished &
controlled
most of island
 1802 Napoleon sent troops to
regain control
 1804 declared independent
country
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Latin
America
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Mexico:
 Father Miguel Hidalgo
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Father Jose Morelos
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Urged Mexicans to fight for
freedom
Creoles supported, but didn’t like
call for end to slavery & reform
Native American conditions
Later captured & executed
Called for social & political reform,
abolish slavery, vote for all men
Led rebels for 4 years
Later captured & killed
1820 wins independence from
Spain
Other Central American
countries declare
independence too

Briefly called United Provinces of
Central America
Latin
America
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Venezuela:
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Simon Bolivar
 Born in Argentina
 Creole
 Led rebellion
 Civil War many years
 Bolivar exiled to Haiti 2x
 Called “The Liberator”
 Moved to Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Jose de San Martin
 Argentinean Creole too
 Helped Argentina win freedom
 Later in Chile & Peru
 Tried to unite all lands into Gran
Colombia
 Too much rivalry
 Became Colombia, Panama,
South
America
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Brazil
 Portuguese royal family fled
to Brazil when France
conquered Portugal
 Returned to Portugal
 Dom Pedro, son of king,
ruling Brazil
Refused to leave Brazil during
reforms
 Became emperor of
independent Brazil
 Accepted constitution to
provide for freedom of press,
religion & legislature

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Remained a monarchy until
1889, then a republic
South
America