Transcript WHAP 1450-1750

Review 3
1400 - 1750
The Age of
Exploration
Led by Portugal
and Spain
1400-1750
The Ultimate
Reasons to
Explore….
The Three G’s
(political) Glory
(economic) Gold
(religious) God
The conquistadors,
or the
conquerors emerge
for all
three reasons.
Portuguese Explorations:
Trading Empire
Vasco
da Gama
• In 1497 led four ships on an
expedition to India.
• First to sail around Africa
and reach India
Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India
Spanish Explorations
Land Based Empire
Spain : Land Based Empire
Why?
Spain and Portugal had similar motives
and identical ships and weapons
 What happened?
 Isolation of the Americans made the
motives different
 American lands much were easier to
dominate than Asian and African lands
 Resorted to conquest and plunger rather
than trade

Christopher Columbus:
• Born in Genoa, Italy
• In 1492, Queen Isabella and
King Ferdinand financed an
expedition for Columbus to
find a new route to India
heading west.
• Their reason: the “Three
G’s”
• Carried a letter to the Grand
Khan (Chinese emperor)
First Circumnavigator of the Globe
Ferdinand Magellan
• Sponsored by Spain in 1519, the
Portuguese explorer set out to
find a western route to India
• Charted a narrow waterway
named Strait of Magellan
which enabled sailors to cross
the Pacific Ocean.
• 1521 died in the Philippines
• 18 sailors complete the mission
back to Spain
English Explorers
John Cabot - 1497
• Sent by King Henry VII
• His discovery gives
England the claim to
most of Eastern North
America!
Financed by the
Dutch
The Eve of
In
1492 anthropologists
Destruction
estimate there were about 75
million Native Americans in
the Western Hemisphere; 25
million in Mexico
By 1650 there are less than
10 million in the hemisphere;
1 million in Mexico!
What happened?
The
history of
Native
People in
the Latin
America…
The
picture
“says” it
all!
What do
you see?
Reasons for Victory…
1. Superior military
technologies: armor, steel
swords, fire arms, cannons
2. Division & Discontent
among the Indians.
3. Disease brought by the
Europeans
4. Spanish imposed forced
labor and religious
conversion to control their
empire
Cortes Treated as a God…
 Arrived
in 1519 with 11 ships,
500+ men and a few cannons
 Taught
to be the arrival of the
great god Quetzalcoatl
8
months of peace
 Cortes
formed an alliance
with those enslaved tribes
who hate their Aztec
 It
took two years for Cortes
to conqueror the empire.
Conquest of Peru
In
1531, Pizarro sailed from
Panama city with about 180
men.
The Spaniards find the
Inca’s trying to recover from
civil war.
Had
he come early he
would have met a united
empire.
Pizzaro
uses the Inca’s own
roads to get to them. They
have 14,000 miles of road!
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE…
WHAT IS IT?
Land Claims in the Americas
About 1750
Spanish Colonial
Society
In Spanish America, the mix
of diverse people gave
rise to a new very strict
class system:
1. Peninsulares, people born
in Spain, were at the top
of society.
2. Creoles, American-born
descendents of Spanish
settlers, were next.
3. Mestizos were people of
Native American and
European descent.
4. Mulattoes were people of
African and European
descent.
How were the French and English colonies both similar to and
different from those of Spain and Portugal?
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English
 favored removal of Native Americans rather than
assimilation
French
 preferred a policy of conversion of native peoples to
Christianity.
Similarities
 All colonizers met native peoples with a mixture of violence
and diplomacy.
 African slaves were important in much of the Americas.
Differences
 Rather than controlling American expansion through their
central governments, both nations acted through private
corporations and individual proprietors.
 colonized with larger percentages of Europeans
SLAVERY
What are the various theories as to why African slave
labor was so widely used in the Americas?
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Several/ schools of thought. A once popular theory held that
Africans were more resistant to disease, as well as better suited
to heavy work in tropical climates.
Another held that use of Africans was motivated primarily by
prejudice.
Eric Williams has refuted that particular theory with his
famous quote that “Slavery was not born of racism: rather,
racism was the consequence of slavery.”
Another assertion was that slaves were cheap. They were not,
but since white Europeans’ indentures were relatively brief, the
high cost of slaves could be minimized over a longer period of
time.
Rising sugar prices also meant that sugar growers could afford
more expensive African slaves.
started
The Atlantic Slave Trade
in the 1500s to
fill the need for labor in
Spain’s American empire.
Europeans
relied on
European traders and
African tribes to seize
captives in the interior
and bring them to coastal
trade posts and
fortresses.
Triangular Trade Grows
The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network
know as the triangular trade.
Original Triangle Trade Route:
Slaves, Sugar & Rum
Rum
Sugar
Slaves
Destinations of Enslaved Africans,
1500–1870
Greatest sugar producer in 1600 – Brazil
Greatest sugar producer in 18th century – Saint Domingue (Haiti)

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How did the Saharan slave trade differ from the
Atlantic slave trade?
While the number of enslaved Africans in the Saharan
trade was smaller than in Atlantic trade, it was still
substantial.
Indigenous Muslim states controlled both sides of the
Saharan trade, although most of the slaves were nonMuslim African captives.
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Islamic law prohibited the enslavement of Muslims, but some
where still enslaved
Slaves served different purposes in Muslim societies
than in the Americas: most were servants; others
performed state and military functions. The Atlantic
slave trade was heavily male; the Saharan slave trade
heavily female.
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
By
the 1800s, an
estimated 11 million
enslaved Africans had
reached the Americas.
Another 2 million
probably died during
the Middle Passage
In West Africa, the loss
of countless numbers of
young women and men
resulted in some small
states disappearing
forever.
Slave Collar
So a runaway
could be heard!
The Economic Systems of Mercantilism & Capitalism Appear

Mercantilism comprised the policies of European
states to promote overseas trade and defend national
interests.
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Protect trade and accumulate precious metals
English Navigation Acts –confine ships to English ships and
cargoes
Capitalism (means of production are privately owned)
involving the management of large financial resources
through banks, stock exchanges, and trading
companies.
Mercantilist policies that supported capitalism included
chartered companies, tariffs, and trade laws.
The largest capitalist overseas investments were in
the sugar plantations of the Caribbean.
Mercantilism
New Economic System
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Governmental control was exercised over
domestic industry and all trade
Believed that national strength is secured
by more exports than imports
All resources were for the benefit of the
mother country
Real wealth was measured in the amount
of gold and silver in the national treasury
The Reformation, 1350-1600:
Europe Divides Over Religion
The Protestant Reformation
• During the 1500s reformers called for changed that would
unleash forces that would shatter Christian unity.
• The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation.
• wants change or protests the practices of the
Catholic Church.” Why? Mainly
 Pope Leo X
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Authorized the selling of Indulgences (forgiveness of
punishment)
Prayer, pilgrimage, donation to church
Royal Centralization 1500-1750

Royal power in Europe
Limited the power of the church and subordinated
the church to state
 Establish stronger national institutions, made
uniform laws, common national languages and tore
down defensive fortification of nobles and
independent cities
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Spain
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Philip II used inquisition to suppress suspected
protestants
France
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Louis XIII and XIV suppressed Protestantism
• Founded by Henry VIII
Church of
• Left Catholic Church
Anglican
– No heir to throne
– Couldn’t get a divorce
Declared the “Act of Supremacy”
1536
1. Made himself head of Church,
no pope
2. Claimed all church lands for
the throne
3. Allowed divorce in special
circumstances
4. Church of England controlled
its own finances
England
Church
3
The Teachings of Martin Luther
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German monk started the
Protestant Reformation
Rejected Pope’s authority
Rejected selling of indulgences
• Salvation is achieved through
faith alone.
• The Bible is the sole source of
religious truth.
• All Christians have equal access
to God through faith and the
Bible.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Salvation through faith alone
Bible as only source
God decides fate from
conception; there is an elect
or chosen: Predestination
Why? People are sinful by
nature, imperfect people can
not choose God, God must
choose!
Stressed hard work, discipline,
honesty, and morality
Banned swearing, dancing,
provocative dress, fighting
Also no drinking or gambling
Like Luther wanted Christian
education for boys and girls
Calvinist Beliefs
4
Widespread Persecution
1. In some places, Jews
were forced to live in
ghettos
2. expelled from Christian
lands and their books
and synagogues were
burned.
3. After Jews rejected his
Protestant Reformation,
Martin Luther wrote
several anti-Semitic
articles. Hitler later used
Luther as justification
for the Holocaust
Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas
in Europe. 1100-1500.
Reform Brings Witch Hunts….
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Religion at the time
Europeans were shaped by a mixture
of Christian and folk traditions
(supernatural and magical causes)
Causes
Disasters such as crop failures could
be construed as punishment for sin or
as due to evil magic.
a violent reaction to the social tensions,
rural poverty and environmental
strains.
authorities tried over a hundred
thousand people, three fourths of them
women, for practicing witchcraft.
How will the Church Respond?
The Catholic
Counter-Reformation
Main Goals:
1. To eliminate church
abuses
2. Clarify its teachings
3. Reestablish Pope’s
authority
4. Stop the loss of any more
believers from the
Catholic Church
Counter Punch to
the Protestants
The Catholic
Counter-Reformation
To accomplish these goals, he:
1.Strengthened the Inquisition
2.Called the Council of Trent to
establish the direction that
reform should focus on.
3.Established the Jesuits, to
combat heresy and spread the
Catholic faith.
Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
Reforms
1545-1563
The Council affirmed the
following beliefs:
•
•
•
•
Salvation through
faith & goods works
Only the Church
could explain the
Bible
Tradition is a source
of religious truth,
not only the Bible
Pope is the highest
and final authority
on earth
The Inquisition
• The Inquisition, church
court tried heretic – old
news
• censored all Protestant texts
• Destroyed and/or burned
all books of the
reformers
• Some heretics burned at
the stake
Effects of the Reformation
1. End of all religious unity in Europe
2. Founding of many new religious faiths
3. Strengthening of monarchs over church authority
in some areas of Europe
4. Wide-spread literacy and parochial schools
5. Middle class continues to gain power through
their Protestant virtues
6. Increased hatred for the Jews or anti-semitism
increases across Europe
7. Legacy of wonderful cultural creations
Islam Penetrates Europe
The Ottoman
Empire
Ottoman and Safavid Empires
1453–1629
5
The End of the Byzantine
Empire
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The Byzantine empire
drew to a close in 1453
when forces from the
Muslim Ottoman
Empire surrounded
and conquered
Constantinople.
renamed Istanbul and
became the capital of
the Ottoman Empire.
Suleiman
Ottoman Empire’s
Golden Age
•“Suleiman the
Magnificent” to
Westerners
•“The Lawgiver” to his
own people
•Reading: “Suleiman,
Warrior and Man of
Justice”
The Ottoman Empire
and Suleiman
GOVERNMENT
Suleiman had
absolute power.
Ottoman law was
based on Sharia.
The Ottomans
recruited
government and
military officers from
conquered people.
SOCIETY
Society was divided
into four classes, with
“men of the pen” and
“men of the sword” at
the top.
Non-Muslims were
organized into millets,
or religious
communities.
ARTS
Poets produced works
in the Turkish
language.
Painters produced
detailed miniatures
and illuminated
manuscripts.
The royal architect
Sinan designed
magnificent mosques
and palaces.
Compare and contrast the two important cities, Istanbul
and Isfahan, in terms of their culture and society.
Cities
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Istanbul was a great seaport; Isfahan was built well inland.
Both cities were designed for walking. Wheeled vehicles were
rare in Istanbul and nonexistent in Isfahan, as Isfahan was in an
area dominated by camel transport.
Women’s roles
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were similar—and restricted—in both Istanbul and Isfahan.
Women were seldom seen in public and had special quarters in
the home, called anderun in Iran and harem in Istanbul.
Nevertheless, women were accepted in business and trade,
although within certain well-defined and accepted boundaries.
Cosmopolitan or not
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Isfahan, the later capital of the Iranian empire, was located
geographically in the middle of the empire and was not very
diverse socially or culturally.
Istanbul, on the other hand, was a geographic crossroads and
reflected the diversity of its many different peoples.

What was the primary feature that distinguished the Mughal
Empire from the Ottomans and Safavids?
India (Mughal)
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Militarily (Mughal)
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was first and foremost a Hindu land, although controlled by a Muslim
minority.
Because India was geographically far from the Islamic homelands,
distance lessened Muslim dominance and power.
Centuries of separation and seclusion had consolidated Hindu culture,
which did not easily adapt to Islam.
The Mughals—their name taken from the Persian word for Mongol—also
patterned many of their institutions after their Mongol forebears.
were more concerned with the sea than the Ottomans or Safavids, and
had closer links to the vast Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian trade
network.
had others fight most of their sea battles for them
Religion
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Differences between Muslim and Hindu were the defining factor.
The most successful of the Mughal emperors, Akbar, overcame those
differences by marrying into a Hindu family, elimination of tax on nonMuslims and effecting a reconciliation between the two groups.
The Mughal
Empire
(1526-1761)
Illustration from a
Mughal Manuscript
A. Political Foundations

The founder of the
Mughal dynasty was
Babur, who ruled
from 1483 to 1530.
Babur was not fully a
Mongol: his mother
was descended from
Genghis Khan, but
his father was
descended from
Timur.
Akbar, r. 15561605

Akbar, whose 49
year reign laid the
foundation of
empire.
Hinduism and Islam
Clash and Blend
Moscow Rises In Power
1. During the Mongol period,
the princes of Moscow
steadily increased their
power.
2. The Russian Orthodox
moves to Moscow
eventually the seat of
power is moved there.
Ivan the Great: First Tsar
• Ivan III, refused to pay Mongol
tribute
• Won many battles and recovered
lost territory
• Suppressed boyar powers
• claimed the leadership of the
Eastern Orthodox Empire
• Took the title czar (tsar) the
Russian word for Caesar
Ivan IV
aka
Ivan the Terrible!
• Grandson of Ivan the Great
• Ruled from 1547-1584
Why Terrible?
• he resorted to torture, exile,
and execution to punish those
who plotted against him
• Significantly expanded Russia’s
territory and Russia prospered!
His Family….
Tragic, read on…
• In 1582 his daughter-in-law Elena appeared immodestly
dressed and Ivan censured her.
• His son Ivan Ivanovich rose to defend his wife,
whereupon the tsar killed his son, his only possible
respectable heir.
• This left as heir Ivan ’ s feebleminded son Fyodor
(reigned 1584-1598), the last Ryurikid ruler in a line
that extended back seven centuries.
• Another son, Dmitry, was considered illegitimate because
his mother was Ivan's seventh wife (the church only
permitted three marriages, and recognized none of
Ivan’s later wives).
• Dmitry either killed himself playing with a knife or was
murdered in 1591
Russian Monarchy
Medieval Russia
• group of clergy,
nobles and townsmen
chose a new czar
• Romanov dynasty
established with
Romanov Crown
Mikhail Romanov
• lasts until 1917 with
the Communist
Revolution.
Mikhail
Romanov
Russia Before Peter
Look at the facts:
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10 million people, 8.5 serfs
Boyars (landowning nobles) control the
court and government
Very Anti-Western European culture
Majority of population are uneducated
The Westernization of Russia
• Goals
– To modernize, westernize
Russia
– Establish absolute monarchy
• Journeyed to Western
Europe to learn…
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–
–
Anatomy
Dentistry
Carpenter in shipyard
Government structure of
English Parliament
• Brought Experts to Russia
– Technical experts, teachers,
soldiers, and nobles
Peter the Great
• Built a new capital at St. Petersburg and committed
to a policy of westernization in Russia.
•To impose his will, Peter became the most
autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs.
• No to political liberalization
•Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control
and increased the burden of taxes and labor on the serfs
“Great Northern War”
 broke Swedish control over the Baltic and
established direct contact between Russia and
Europe
Peter the
Great’s
Westernization
Major
Changes
Requires
European
Dress & No
Beards!
Took
control
of
church
of Russia
Made the
boyars
serve in
the gov’t
Modernized
army
Adopts
Mercantilism
Builds St.
Petersburg
Brought in
Europe’s
Technology
and
Craftsman
Catherine the Great
r. 1762-1796
• Born in 1729 in Germany
today modern day Poland
• Gains the throne by
“stealing it” (maybe)
from her murdered
husband, Peter III!
•began state-sponsored
education for boys and
girls.
• embraced and
encouraged Western ideas
and culture.
• granted special
privileges to the boyars.
• Allows serfdom to
continue
• repressed peasant
rebellions.
•Built the world’s largest
land empire
Catherine’s
Palace
Expansion of Russia,
1689-1796
Peter the Great:
• created the largest standing army in
Europe
• On land won from Sweden, Peter built a
magnificent new capital city, St.
Petersburg.
Catherine the Great:
1. gained a warm-water port on the Black
Sea
2. agreed to partition Poland and gained the
eastern portion.
Romanov Dynasty
Heritage
Last Romanov Czar
Murdered w/ family in 1917
Expansion of Russia,
1689 – 1796
Land Empires V. Sea Based
Empires
Land empires were at a disadvantage in
competition with the sea-based commercial
empires of Europe more despite the fact that
they developed the largest economic and
administrative systems in the world.
 Much more expensive to defend and had fewer
choices with regard to direction for possible
expansion
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Qing China
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What did the Qing government do to stimulate the
economy?
 Qing emperors
repaired roads and waterworks, lowered taxes, rents,
and interest rates, and resettled people into areas
depopulated by earlier peasant revolts.
 Foreign threats and trade
The Qing eliminated potential external military threats,
making further recovery possible.
This new territorial control encouraged the reopening
of overland trade routes, which created an influx of
resources and knowledge, reinforcing Qing recovery.
The long-term effectiveness of this recovery was due
to the Qing’s ability to incorporate and adapt the ideas
and technologies of far-flung areas.
Emperor Kangxi
Emperor Kangxi r. 1662-1722
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Took control over his government in 1669 at age 16 by
executing his chief regent
Intellectual prodigy and a successful military
commander who expanded his territory and gave it a
high degree of stability
Reign of 61 years makes him the longest reigning
Emperor of China
 Cultural diffusion
Examples of Qing adaptation include the Mongol
system of political organization; the Tibetan practice of
religious legitimization for rulers; Korean and Chinese
agricultural policies; and European mapping and
technology.

Taught by the Jesuits
Describe the trade relationship between Europe and China in the late sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries.
Trade
Trade increased significantly by the end of the
sixteenth century, particularly in Chinese goods such
as tea, silk, and porcelain.
The Europeans provided transport in their growing
shipping fleets.
 Trade restrictions
The desire to protect the agricultural sector, as well as
concern about smuggling and piracy, led the Qing to
restrict and regulate foreign involvement in trade.
This regulation extended from limiting camel caravans
to restricting Europeans to Canton.
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Describe the trade relationship between Europe and China
in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
European frustrations
Europeans, eyeing huge potential Chinese markets,
were unable to appeal to Chinese consumers with any
known product, and the consequent trade imbalances
angered them.
The corrupt and inefficient British East India Company
only made matters worse.
George Macartney’s (1793-1794) mission to China is
an example of British attempts to open a more
advantageous trade with China.
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Was a big failure, as were similar diplomatic embassies sent
by the Dutch, French, Russians
Order and Unity Restored
Under the Tokugawas,1603-1868
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The Tokugawa shogunate
was the longest period of
uninterrupted peace
Japan ever enjoyed.
The brilliant and ruthless
administration of the
Tokugawa military
administration combined
with the rigid seclusion of
the country allowed for
the growth of Japanese
culture in an
unprecedented way.
Tokugawa Japan practiced a form of government referred to as
“controlled decentralization.” What was the ultimate result of this
form of government for the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Government
 Japanese emperors had no political power and
that they remained in virtual exile
 The shoguns wielded most of the power and lived
at Edo, the new capital.
 The Tokugawa system of regional lords, who
resided part of the time at Edo, required wellmaintained roads, which in turn helped develop
new trade and manufacturing centers.

“Forty-seven Ronin” incident 1702
Showed basic flaw in the Shogunal
government
 Forced the military, to obey the civil law in
the interests of building a centralized,
standardized system of law (transformed
from a military to a civil society)

Discuss the impact of the Jesuits in Europe, China, and
Japan from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century.
The mission of the Jesuits was to
produce converts to Catholicism.
They were successful to a degree, particularly among the elite
of the Ming.
Tolerated Confucian ancestor worship to gain converts
 Cultural Diffusion
Also brought European ideas and technology to Asia—for
instance, mapmaking and metallurgy (for cannon).
Transferred to Europe the ideas of inoculation against smallpox
 Japan
Came in late 1500s and had limited success in converting
regional lords, but had greater success in converting farmers of
Southern and Eastern Japan
Rural rebellion in the 1630s was blamed on Christians which
led to persecutions, ban on Christianity, and closing on Japan
in 1649
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Age of Reason
1600s-1800s
Revolution and Reason
The Scientific Revolution convinced
many Europeans of the power of
human reason.
 Enlightenment philosophers admired
scientists’ use of reason to
understand the natural world.
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Philosophers began ask, “ Why not use reason
to discover the natural laws (laws that governed)
of human nature?”

Many philosophers began to believe that if
people used reason to find laws that governed
the physical world (science)… then answers to
society’s problems could also be found.
Hobbes Explores Government

Thomas Hobbes
used the idea of
natural law to
argue that
absolute monarchy
was the best form
of government,
why?
Hobbes Explores Government
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People are naturally cruel, greedy, and
selfish.
Without it chaos would occur
People formed a social contract, an
agreement to give up their freedom and live
obediently under a ruler who would protect
them
Key Focus: Support for Monarchs and the
social contract
John Locke Offers: A radical
view
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Locke believed people
were inherently good
and that government
was based on a social
contract too BUT…
Unlike Hobbes he
believed that people
were governed
by consent

based on natural
rights or laws
Rights to life, liberty
and property
Fuel for revolution
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Locke believed people
created government to
protect natural rights, if a
government failed in this
duty, people had the right to
overthrow the government!
This idea influenced
American colonists
including Thomas Jefferson
in the Declaration of
Independence
Locke’s writings helped to
provided the “fuel” for the
American Revolution
Other philosophers
Voltaire – most important freedom of
speech
 Montesquieu – focused on separation of
checks and balances
 Rousseau – community is more
important than the individual

Government by general will ( majority)
 Direct democracy
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New Economic Thinking
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rejected mercantilism in favor
of a policy called laissez faire
or allowing businesses to run
with little or no government
interference.
In The Wealth of Nations,
Adam Smith (1776) argued that
the laissez-faire or free market
should be allowed to regulate
business activity.
Smith’s Invisible Hand
 Adam
Smith referred to “an invisible
hand,” which kept the economy in check
 In
order for the “invisible hand” to work,
there can be no external laws or rules
interrupt the natural economic cycle of
boom and bust.
Smith’s Invisible Hand
 Smith
argued that a free, unregulated
economic competition or laissez-faire
brings:
1.Maximum profits
2.Quality products
3.Creative innovation
4.Competitive prices
The Challenge to Absolutism:
American Revolution
French Revolution
Napoleon