Transcript chapter14 notes

14
Europe Transformed:
Reform and State Building
The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century:
Background
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The Growth of State Power- new monarchies and Machiavelli’s The Prince
Social Changes in the Renaissance- economy recovering after Black Death,
peasants still majority, serfdom declines, banking,
The Impact of Printing- spread religious ideas, Johannes Gutenberg perfected
printing press, books cheaper
Prelude to Reformation
 Christian Humanism, Northern Renaissance humanism
 Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)- “the Philosophy of Christ”
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
 Problems in the Church; Popes failed to meet needs of church
 View of ordinary people- collection of relics and paying indulgences
Martin Luther and the Reformation in
Germany
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Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg
Looking for assurance of salvation
Catholic Church emphasized both faith and good works
Luther arrived at the idea of justification by faith alone
Immediate problem was the selling of indulgences
 Ninety-five Theses, 1517
 Excommunication, 1521
The religious movement became a revolution
 Quickly became territorial, or state, churches
 New form of worship
 Closely tied to political affairs
Peace of Augsburg, 1555- Princes decided religion of principalities
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
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Calvin and Calvinism
 John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Published Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
• Doctrine of predestination
• Reform of the city of Geneva, Switzerland, 1536
English Reformation
 King Henry VIII of England (1509-1574)
• Desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon, wanted to have a son
• Act of Supremacy, 1534 (stated King was supreme head of Church)
• King Edward VI of England (1547-1553); son of Henry, continued
Protestantism
• Queen Mary of England (1553-1558); reverted country back to
Catholic Church, killed thousands of Protestants
The Spread of the Protestant
Reformation (cont.’d)
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Anabaptists were Protestant Radicals
 Believed in separation of church and state
 Demanded spiritual rebirth, adult baptism
The Social Impact of the Reformation
 New views of the family; center of human life, mutual love
between man and wife, but males ruled
Catholics and Protestants in Europe
by 1560
The Catholic Reformation
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Society of Jesus (Jesuits), 1540
 Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
 Absolute obedience to Pope
 Use of education to achieve their goals
 Dedication to engage in “conflict for God”
A reformed papacy
 Pope Paul III, 1534-1549
• Reform commission; blamed the church’s problems on corrupt
policies of Pope and Cardinals
• Recognized the Jesuits
Council of Trent, 1545-1563
 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings
Politics and the Wars of Religion
in the Sixteenth Century
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French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
 Huguenots- French Protestants
 Henry IV, Huguenot who converted to Catholicism(1589-1610)
 Issued Edict of Nantes, (1598) recognized Catholicism as official religion, but
granted Huguenot religious toleration
Philip II and Militant Catholicism
 Philip II of Spain, (1556-1598)
• Strict conformity to Catholicism / Strong monarchical authority
• Battle of Lepanto, 1571, defeated the Turks
 Problems with the Netherlands- seven northern provinces became United Provinces
of Netherlands
The England of Elizabeth
 Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, daughter of Henry VIII
 The Spanish Armada; defeated the Armada of Phillip II
 England remains Protestant
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Europe in the Seventeenth
Century
Economic and Social Crisis:
Witchcraft Mania
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Italy became an economic backwater
Increase in population from 60 million in 1500 to 85
million in 1600; decline after 1650, especially in central
and southern Europe (war, famine, plaque)
Witchcraft
 Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted
 Poor most likely to be accused
 More than 75 percent were women
Economic Trends in the Seventeenth
Century
 Mercantilism;
acquisition of colonies, high tariffs,
favorable balance of trade where more valuable
goods are exported rather than imported.
 International commerce; most trade was in Europe
 New forms of commercial organization
 Joint-stock companies, individuals bought
shares in company. (Dutch East India
Company)
 80 percent of Europeans involved in agriculture
Seventeenth Century Crises: Revolution and
War
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Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)- led by Habsburg Holy Roman
Empire and Protestants (primarily Calvinists)
 Rivalry between France, Spain, and Holy Roman Empire
 Peace of Westphalia, 1648, ended the War; all states were free to
determine their own religion (Roman Empire divided)
 France emerge as most dominant in Europe
A Military Revolution?
 Sweden’s Gustavus Adolphus developed first standing army of
conscripts with flexible tactics (equal number of musketeers and
pikemen standing six men deep)
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Resulted in higher taxes and bureaucracy
The Practice of Absolutism
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France under Louis XIV
 Louis XIV (1643-1715), The Sun King; divine-right monarchy
• Versailles served three purposes: personal household of king, location of central
government, and where nobles gathered
• Greatest danger came from the high nobility; reduced power of nobles
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), controlled general finances
• Wars; an army of 400,000 men, but left France impoverished
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Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
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Brandenburg-Prussia becomes known as Prussia
• Frederick William the Great Elector laid the foundation for the Prussian State
(1640-1688)
• Frederick I, First king of Prussia, Prussia emerged as a great power in 18th century
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Austria under the Habsburgs
• Territorial expansion
• Monarch never becomes highly centralized, too many ethnicities
From Moscovy to Russia
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Ivan IV, the Terrible, (1533-1584)
 First to take the title tsar
 Dynasty ends in 1598 followed by anarchy
Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael Romanov
in 1598 to be new tsar
Peter the Great (1689-1725)- Romanov Dynasty
 Built new Capital, Saint Petersburg, his “window to the
west”
 Trip west, 1697-1698
 Plans to westernize Russia
 Reorganize army and navy
 Divided Russia into provinces
 Hoped to create a sense of civic duty
England and Limited Monarchy
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Revolution and Civil War
 Conflict between King and Parliament – Stuart Dynasty after
Elizabeth Tudor died in 1603
 James VI of Scotland became James I (1603-1625) of England
advocated divine right for kings
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Charles I (1625-1649) executed after civil war; monarchy abolished,
republic (commonwealth) established under Cromwell
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Republic, 1648-1660
 Oliver Cromwell and military rule
 Dispersed Parliament by force
 After Cromwell’s death, monarchy restored
Restoration and a Glorious Revolution
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Charles II (1660-1685)
 Parliament suspicious of his Catholic leanings
 Declaration of Indulgence, 1672; suspended the laws passed by
Parliament against Catholics
 Charles forced to suspend the declaration by Parliament
James II (1685-1688)
 Open and devout Catholic
 Religion once again area of conflict
 Birth of a son, 1688, assuring Catholic monarchy
 Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife Mary, the
Protestant daughter of James II (Glorious Revolution); forced to
sign
 Bill of Rights ( Parliament right to tax, pass laws, people right to
jury
European Culture
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Art: The Baroque
 Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the
spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640); dramatic light and
shadows, rich pigments
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Art: Dutch Realism
 Judith Leyster (c. 1609 – 1660); painter; first female
member of Guild of Saint Luke in Haarlem
A Golden Age of Literature in England
 Called the Elizabethan Era; much of culture flowering
came in reign of Elizabeth
 William Shakespeare(1564-1614); “complete man of the
theatre”
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Discussion Questions
 What
were the social and political consequences
of the Reformation
 What steps did French kings take in the
seventeenth century to concentrate power in the
central government?
 Describe English government before and after the
events of the seventeenth century.
 How did seventeenth-century art reflect larger
historical developments?