Transcript 03 Wars of Religion Part I ppt

Wars of Religion and European
Expansion
Questions of the Day Part I
Daniel W. Blackmon
AP European History
Coral Gables Sr. High
Identifications of the Day
• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
• Theodore Beza
• Catholic League
• Politiques
• “Paris is worth a mass.”
Multiple Choice
•
•
•
•
A.
The invention of printing.
B.
The Protestant Reformation.
C.
The rise of state bureaucracies
D.
An increase in compulsory
state education
• E.
A decline in the use of Latin.
Multiple Choice
• Of the following, the major
political opponent of the Holy
Roman Emperor Charles V was
• A.
Pope Clement VII
• B.
Henry VIII of England
Multiple Choice
• C.
Gustavus Adolphus of
Sweden
• D.
Frances I of France
• E.
Phillip II of Spain
Multiple Choice
• Which of the following is NOT
true of the Edict of Nantes (1598)?
• A.
It was issued by Henry IV
of France.
• B.
It allowed the practice of
Protestantism in France.
Multiple Choice
• C.
It was responsible for the
St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre.
• D.
It was revoked by Louis
XIV
• E.
It was accepted by the
French Huguenots.
Essay of the Day
• In 1519 Charles of Hapsburg
became Charles V, Holy Roman
Emperor. Discuss and analyze the
political, social, and religious
problems he faced over the course
of his imperial reign (1519-1556).
AP 1990
Key Words
• “Discuss and Analyze”
• “Political”
• “Social”
• “Religious”
• “Problems”
• 1519-1556
Charles V
• Holdings too diverse, problems too
complex for him to solve them
Charles V
• Francis I could negotiate with the
Turks to distract him
• Lutherans could demand
concessions in exchange for help
against Turks.
Charles V
• Lutherans could seek French
support against Charles
• Papacy feared both Charles and
Francis, and its attention turned to
secular problems rather than
Reformation
Charles V
• Spent 3600 days traveling (25% of
his reign), 500 campaigning, 200 at
sea,
• “My life has been a long journey
• Worn out, he abdicated in 1555
Holdings were dynastic, not
national
• Duke in Netherlands
• Archduke of Upper and Lower
Austria, margrave of Styria, Duke
of Carniola and Carinthia, Count of
Tyrol (family dynastic lands)
• Duke in Franche-Comté
Holdings Were Dynastic
• King in Castile and Aragon
• Castilian holdings in America
• King of Bohemia, Croatia,
Dalmatia, Slavonia, Hungary,
Prince of Transylvania
Holdings Were Dynastic
• King in Naples, Sicily and Sardinia
• Duke in Milan
Viceroys were usually members
of his family
• Brother Archduke Ferdinand in
central Europe
• Aunt Archduchess Margaret and
sister Mary of Hungary in the
Netherlands
• Son Philip Duke of Milan
Poor Communications
• Spanish Road from Milan to
Antwerp easily cut and costly to
use.
Habsburg–Valois Wars
• Francis I (r. 1515-1547)
• Had sought to block Charles’
election as HRE
• The Fuggers loaned Charles the
money to bribe his way in
Battlegrounds
• Flanders
• War in 1542, France plus allies in
Flanders and Denmark
Battlegrounds
• Northern Italy
• Duchy of Milan a crucial pivot
• War 1521-25
• War 1526-1529 vs. Venice and
Papal States
Battlegrounds
• Clement VII feared Charles’ power
in Italy and tended to support
Francis,
• Sack of Rome 1527
Battlegrounds
• War 1536-1538 in Savoy and
Piedmont
• War in 1551
• Revolt against Spanish in Siena
1552
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 1559
• Both sides financially exhausted
• French king Henry II wants to
destroy Huguenots
The Threat of the Ottoman Turks
• Constantinople falls 1453
• .Selim the Grim conquers Egypt
and Syria 1517
• .North African ports of Tunis,
Algiers, and Tripoli harbor attacks
on shipping
Suleiman the Magnificent rules 15201566
• Janissaries—elite corps of slaves
( )Conquers Belgrade
( )Hungary
( )Mohacs 1526
( )John Zapolya Prince of Transylvania a Protestant, willing
to work with Turks against Hapsburgs
( )Buda 1541
• )Vienna–1529
Mediterranean
Kair ed Din Barbarossa
Raids Italy and winters in French
port of Toulon 1543
Battle of Lepanto stops their
expansion by sea 1571
Social Problems
• Population growth
• Surplus labor force leads to falling
wages.
Social Problems
• Price Revolution
– Population growth leads not only to
falling wages but higher prices
– Silver from America increases
money supply
– Debased coinage causes inflation
The German Peasants’ Revolt
1524-1525
• In Southern and Western German states
• Demanded a return of communal
rights, such as pasture and common
lands
• Demanded end of serfdom and the tithe
The German Peasants’ Revolt
1524-1525
• Thomas Munzer
• The Twelve Articles of Swabia
• 100,000 peasants slaughtered
Charles V and the Reformation
• Martin Luther
– 95 Theses 1517
– Debated Johannes Eck 1519
– Excommunicated by Leo X and
burns the bull
Charles V and the Reformation
• Diet of Worms 1521
– “Here I stand”
– Declares Luther an outlaw
– Luther sheltered by Frederick the
Wise of Saxony
– Confession of Augsburg 1530
Charles V and the Reformation
• Schmalkaldic League 1531
• War of the Schmalkaldic League
1546
– France supported the Protestants
• Peace of Augsburg
– Cuius regio, eius religio
Spread of the Reformation
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•
•
•
•
•
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Switzerland: Zwinglian, Calvinist
Sweden: Vasa dynasty, Lutheran
Denmark: Lutheran
England: 1533-34 Anglican
Scotland: Calvinist
Saxony: Lutheran
France: Huguenots (Calvinists)
Charles V and the CounterReformation
• Council of Trent 1545-1563
• Paul III had feared conciliarism
and resisted calling a council.
Charles V and the CounterReformation
• Charles V eventually pushed Paul
III to call the Council, but he
feared an increase in papal
authority.
Identifications of the Day
• Philippe du Plessis Mornay
• William the Silent
• Iconoclasm
• The Sea Beggars
• El Escorial
Multiple Choice
• In the sixteenth century, all of the
following had religious civil wars
or political insurrections EXCEPT
Multiple Choice
• A.
• B.
• C.
• D.
• E.
Muscovite Russia
England
The Low Countries
France
The German states
Multiple Choice
• The leadership of the Dutch revolts
(1566-1648) sought all of the
following EXCEPT
• A.
An alliance with the
English Catholics
• B.
The end of the Inquisition
Multiple Choice
• C.
• D.
The end of excessive taxation
The elimination of the rule of
foreign officials
• E.
An alliance with French
Protestants
Multiple Choice
• In the sixteenth century, all of the
following had religious civil wars
or political insurrections EXCEPT
Multiple Choice
• A.
• B.
• C.
• D.
• E.
Muscovite Russia
England
The Low Countries
France
The German states
Multiple Choice
Multiple Choice
• The Pieter Brueghel painting (circa
1569) shown above depicts the
massacre of villagers in
Multiple Choice
• A.
•
•
•
•
troops
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Netherlands by Spanish
Russia by Ottoman troops
Spain by English troops
France by Swedish troops
Hungary by Austrian troops
Multiple Choice
• The primary goal of France in entering
the Thirty Years’ War was to
• A.
Defend Catholicism against
German Protestants.
• B.
Reduce the power of the
Hapsburgs.
Multiple Choice
• C.
Punish the Swedish king,
Gustavus Adolphus.
• D.
Conquer Brandenburg-Prussia
• E.
Place a Bourbon on the
Spanish throne.
What do you expect from good
leadership?
Essay of the Day
• “Leadership determines the fate of
a country.” Evaluate this quotation
in terms of Spain’s experience
under Philip II [r. 1558-1598] . AP
2000
Key Words
• “Leadership”
• “Fate”
• “Evaluate”
What do you expect from good
leadership?
What problems or challenges did
Philip face?
• Religious wars in France
• Revolt in the Netherlands
• War with the Turks
• War with England
Evaluate his success or failure.
• Politically
• Economically
• Religious
Philip II’s Wars
• The Ottoman Turks 1559-1577
– Ended by the naval battle of Lepanto
• The Dutch Revolt 1572-1609
• England 1587-1604
• France 1595-1598
SFI: Philip II
• Rebellion in the Low Countries
• Margaret of Parma
• Count of Egmont
• William the Silent
• Duke of Alva
• Spanish Fury
Problems in the Netherlands
• “Sea Beggars”
• Duke of Parma
• Union of Arras
• Union of Utrecht
• United Provinces
• Twelve Years’ Truce
SFI: Problems with England
• Elizabeth I
• Sir Francis Drake
– Circumnavigation of globe
– Attack on Cadiz 1587
• Mary Queen of Scots 1587
SFI: Problems with England
• Spanish Armada 1588
• Duke of Medina Sidonia
Problems with France
• Involvement in French Religious
Wars
• War of the Three Henrys
• Hapsburg-Valois Wars
Problems in the New World
• New World Empire
• African Slavery
• Bartolomé de las Casas
• Sir Francis Drake
• The Sea Hawks
Economic
• Depended on silver from Potosi and
from Mexico.
– Annual bullion shipments sometimes
were captured by pirates.
• Castile depended upon wool exports.
• Crown banned export of gold and
silver, and blocked foreign goods.
Economic
• Empire governed by the House of
Trade
• Spain could not supply the goods
the New World desired, which led
to massive smuggling.
Economic
• Began his reign with a bankruptcy
1556
• Ended his reign with a bankruptcy
1598
• Suspended royal payments in 1575
and 1596.
Economic
• The independence of the Cortes of
Catalonia, Valencia, Aragon, and
even Castille meant that he could
not raise money efficiency.
Economic
• Harvest failures beginning 1576
impoverished the countryside.
• Spain depends on imported food.
• Taxation policies encouraged the
middle class to abandon trade and
purchase tax exempt privileges.
Economic
• Landholders acquired huge latifundia
from indebted peasants.
• The government imposed price
maximums for grain.
• Sheep encouraged rather than farming
since it was easier to tax sheep.
Economic
• Wool production still dropped by
2/3s
• Textile industry disappeared.
Economic
• Persecution of the Moriscos led to
expulsion of 300,000 (33% of
Valencia and 20% of Aragon) in
1609 under Philip III
Economic
El Escorial
• Permanent royal residence
• Monastery, Mausoleum,
El Escorial
• Elaborate court ritual to emphasize
his power and authority.
• Philip II was a micro-manager.
A Judgment
• The Count-Duke of Olivares,
favorite of Philip III, tried to
impose the principle “one king,
one law, one money.”
• 1624: “The important thing in
Your Majesty’s Monarchy is for
you to become King of Spain.”
Religious
• How successful is Philip in
establishing Catholic uniformity in
his domains?
• Is there a price to be paid for this
uniformity?