Transcript 01R-Euro-PPT-Later_Middle_Ages

Period 1.0
THE LATER MIDDLE AGES,
1300-1450
Learning Objective:
Students will understand the evolution
of European society from antiquity
through the Later Middle Ages and
analyze the ways in which religious,
economic, and social upheaval affected
late-Medieval society.
Period 1.0
Major Periods in European
History
I. Ancient Greece/Rome (c. 500 BCE-500 CE)
II. Middle Ages- 5th Century CE to approx. 1450
A. Early Middle Ages (476 CE to 900 CE)
B. High Middle Ages (1050- 1300)
C. Later Middle Ages (1300- 1450)
III. Modern Era (1450 to the present)
1. Renaissance: 1450- 1600 (1300-1527 in
Italy)
2. 17th – 21st centuries
I. Black Death (1347)
A. Causes
1. The Bubonic plague was carried by
fleas on Asian black rats and
brought to Europe on ships
returning from Asia.
2. Overcrowding in cities and homes
facilitated the spread of the disease.
3. Poor sanitation in cities: garbagefilled streets, human excrement,
and dead animals
4. Widespread malnutrition prior to the
plague led to poor health (e.g. lower
immune systems) that made people more
susceptible to the disease.
• 25% harvests in the early 14th century
were poor as torrential rains destroyed
wheat, oats, and hay crops; some
instances of cannibalism occurred.
5. Poor hygiene also played a significant
role.
• Many people believed (correctly) that
their water was contaminated and
feared taking baths.
B. Results: loss of 1/3 of Europe’s
population (mostly in cities)
Map of the Black Death
Time-lapse Map of Black Death
1. Some cities, such as Florence, saw death
rates reach above 50%.
The Toggenburg Bible (1411) contains an
illustration of the Black Death
2. Economy in towns suffered significantly
(while the countryside was less affected by
the plague).
Plague doctors often wore attire, such as seen above, with the beak
stuffed with spices or herbs to protect the doctor from the disease.
3. In some areas, workers enjoyed higher
wages as the supply of workers was
depleted.
4. Impact on the peasantry
a. Serfdom ended in many areas of
western Europe.
b. Major peasant revolts occurred in
England and France.
5. The first enclosure of fields in Britain
occurred as landowners needed better
agricultural production with fewer farm
hands; this was largely done for sheep
herding.
6. The best of the clergy died (as they
stayed behind to help the sick).
7. Jews were often blamed for the plague
and thus persecuted.
• This continued the age-old
phenomenon of anti-Semitism in
Europe.
8. Literature and art reflected pessimism
a. Danse of Death (Danse Macabre):
Dancing skeletons danced among the
living, reminding viewers of the
prevalence of death.
b. Northern Europe developed a morbid
fascination with death that was later
reflected in the art of the Northern
Renaissance.
Dancing skeletons
were a common
motif in the Danse
of Death
II. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
A. Cause: The English crown lay claim to
the duchy of Aquitaine in France.
Duchy of Aquitaine (in pink) seen inside
modern French borders.
B. Joan Of Arc (1412-1431)
1. French peasant girl who claimed she
heard voices from saints and persuaded
the king to allow her to accompany the
troops.
2. In 1429, she led the French army to
victory at Orléans during a crucial stage
of the war.
• The French heir to the
throne (Charles VII)
was crowned.
3. She was later burned at
the stake by the English
in 1431.
Time-lapse Map of the Hundred
Years’ War
C. Results of the Hundred Years’ War
1. France permanently removed England
from France (except Calais).
2. Modernization of state building began
in England and France.
Battle of Crécy, 1346
3. Peasant Revolts
a. Causes: taxation during the 100 Years’
War, desire for higher wages, hostility
toward the nobles, higher expectations
among the peasantry.
b. English Peasant Revolt (1381):
• Largest of the revolts, over 100,000
involved
c. Jacquerie in France
was less successful
d. End of serfdom in
England (c. 1550)
Richard II meeting with
peasant rebels, 1381
III. Crisis in the Catholic Church
A. Background
1. Western and central Europe was
dominated by the Catholic church
since the fall of the Roman Empire.
a. Religious authorities in many
regions were more powerful than
secular authorities.
b. Popes, at times, were the most
powerful political figures in all of
Europe.
2. The Middle Ages were characterized
by religious unity under the
Catholic church.
a. Meanwhile, the Greek Orthodox
Church (Eastern Orthodox
Church) was dominant in the
Byzantine Empire in the modernday Balkans and parts of eastern
Europe, including Russia.
b. There was little cooperation
between the Catholic and
Orthodox churches.
B. Early critics of the church
1. Marsiglio de Padua (1270-1342):
Defensor Paxis (Defender of Peace)
a. He claimed the church should be
subordinate to the state.
b. He believed the church should be
governed by a council of laity and
priests who would be superior to the
pope.
2. John Wyclif (1320-1384)
a. He believed the church should only
follow Scripture.
• This view foreshadowed Martin
Luther’s Reformation in the early16th century.
b. He translated the Bible into English.
c. His later followers were known as
Lollards.
3. John Hus (1369-1415): His ideas were
similar to Wyclif
a. He led a nationalist movement in
Bohemia (modern-day Czech
Republic)
• He was burned at the stake for
his “heretical” views.
b. Hussites: Followers
of Hus who staged
large rebellions in
the 14th century
C. Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)
1. In 1305, a struggle between the pope
and the French king led to the election
of a French pope who set up his
leadership in Avignon, France.
2. 7 successive popes resided at Avignon.
3. This situation damaged papal prestige
(especially in England and Germany) as
popes were believed to be unduly
influenced by French kings.
4. Rome’s economy, meanwhile, was
damaged significantly.
The papal
palace at
Avignon
D. The Great Schism (c. 1377-1417)
1. Further conflict occurred in 1377
when two popes were elected—one
in Rome, one in France—neither of
whom recognized the other.
2. This further damaged the prestige of
the church.
The
Great
Schism
E. Conciliar Movement (1409-1418):
ended the Great Schism
1. It sought to reform the church by
creating a council of cardinals that
would be more powerful than the
pope.
2. It failed as a movement; the newlyelected Pope Martin V ensured
papal power still remained supreme.
IV. Fall of the Byzantine Empire
A. The Byzantine Empire had been the
dominant power in southeastern
Europe for a thousand years.
1. Began as the Eastern Roman Empire
2. The Greek Orthodox Church was
dominant.
The empire
under
Justinian in
the 6th
century
B. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire took
Constantinople, the capital city of the
Byzantine Empire and its last major
stronghold.
1. Many scholars fled Byzantium to western
Europe to escape Turkish rule.
2. Constantinople was renamed Istanbul.
1453: Ottoman Turks took Constantinople
C. The Ottoman Empire spread
northeastward into Europe, taking
control of the Balkans and eventually
threatening the central European regions
of Hungary and Austria.
V. Nationalist literature of the Later Middle
Ages
A. Rise in the use of the vernacular
(national language)
B. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), The
Divine Comedy
C. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400):
Canterbury Tales portrayed English life
D. Francois Villon (1431-1463):
1. Grand Testament (1461): Portrayed
ordinary French life with humor
and emotion.
2. Greatest poet of Medieval France
VI. Life in the Later Middle Ages
A. Marriage
1. Average age for men: mid-20s; for
women: 16-18 years of age
2. Economic reasons were most
important for marriage (love was not
paramount until the 18th-19th
centuries).
3. Divorce was unheard of in Catholic
countries.
4. Prostitution existed in cities
(customers were often young middleclass men who didn’t marry until
later).
B. Work
1. Agricultural cycles and church ritual
were closely linked.
2. A small percentage of men were artisans
in towns and were protected by guilds.
3. Serfdom was reduced in many areas.
C. Recreation
1. Aristocracy: jousting tournaments
2. Common people: archery, wrestling,
bull-baiting, bear baiting, alcohol
consumption
D. The laity increasingly managed church
lands.
V. Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas (12251274)
A. Became the cornerstone of late medieval
philosophy
B. He sought to reconcile faith and reason by
using logic to support Christian doctrine.
• He sought to reconcile
Aristotle’s scientific ideas
with the Bible.
C. It dominated Catholic
philosophy for centuries.
• It was challenged severely by
Renaissance humanism in
the 14th, 15th, and 16th
centuries.