Transcript Multiple Choice - FTP Directory Listing

Absolutism in Eastern Europe
Questions of the Day
Daniel W. Blackmon
AP European History
Coral Gables Sr High
Identifications of the Day
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Estate agriculture
Robot
Janissaries
Pragmatic Sanction
The Great Elector
Multiple Choice
• Poland’s decline as a major political
entity during the seventeenth-century
can be attributed largely to
Multiple Choice
• A.
The failure of the papacy to
recognize the legitimacy of the Polish
kings.
• B.
A population decline resulting
from the Thirty Years’ War.
Multiple Choice
• C.
The conquest of the kingdom
by the Ottoman Turks.
• D.
Failure of the universities to
create a literate aristocracy.
• E.
The absence of a powerful
central authority
Multiple Choice
• Which of the following is true about
the rulers of both Austria and Prussia
during the seventeenth century?
Multiple Choice
• A.
They patterned their society
after that of the Ottoman Empire.
• B.
They succeeded in avoiding
war for most of the century.
• C.
They created centralized,
unified nation-states.
Multiple Choice
• D.
They abolished serfdom
• E.
They maintained permanent
standing armies.
Multiple Choice
• Which of the following is true of
Frederick William I, king of Prussia
from 1713-1740?
Multiple Choice
• A.
He lived lavishly off of the
taxes that his bureaucracy collected.
• B.
He built a first-rate army and
infused Prussian society with military
values.
• C.
He refused to employ
commoners in the bureaucracy.
Multiple Choice
• D.
He recruited tall soldiers from
all of Europe to fight in his frequent
wars.
• E.
He encouraged the
development of local self-government.
Multiple Choice
• The concept of the European balance
of power, as it emerged by the end of
the eighteenth and the beginning of the
nineteenth centuries, had which of the
following as its most fundamental aim?
Multiple Choice
• A.
The elimination of war as an
instrument of international relations.
• B.
The prevention of the
preponderance of one power in Europe.
• C.
An approximate balance
between the land and the sea powers.
Multiple Choice
• D.
Isolation of conflict to certain
contested land areas.
• E.
The division of Europe into
two groups of states, both
approximately equal in potential
military power.
Multiple Choice
• In seventeenth and eighteenth century
Prussia, the Junkers supported the
monarchy and served in the army in
return for
Multiple Choice
• A.
The right to sell their lands
• B.
Control of an independent
national parliament
• C.
Toleration of their religious
diversity
Multiple Choice
• D.
Exemption from all taxes
E.
Virtually absolute power over
their serfs.
Essay of the Day
• Analyze the military, political, and
social factors that account for the rise
of Prussia between 1640 and 1786. AP
1991
The Monarchs
• Frederick William, The Great Elector
1640-1688
• Frederick I 1688-1713
• Frederick William I, The Soldier King
1713-1740
• Frederick II the Great 1740-1786
Brandenburg Prussia:
The Problem
• Hohenzollerns inherited the duchies of
– Cleves,
– East Prussia and
– Pomerania, and
• the counties of
– Mark and
– Ravensburg
The Problem
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Territories are not contiguous
Population light
Resources not great
No defensible borders
Frequent wars: Poland vs. Sweden
1655-1660
Frederick William,
the Great Elector
• Goals:
– Centralize power by breaking the local
estates
– Create a bureaucracy loyal to the state
– Create a strong army
The Great Elector:
Centralization
• Forced the Estates to accept a
permanent tax to support the army in
1660
• soldiers acted as policemen and tax
collectors
• Revenue tripled and army increased
ten fold
The Great Elector:
Centralization
• The Junkers
– Unlimited control over their serfs
• Frederick William co-opted the Junkers
to serve his bureaucracy and army
• Taxes fall upon serfs and urban classes
Frederick I
• Loaned his army to the Hapsburgs
during the War of Spanish Succession,
• Declared “King in Prussia” in 1701 as
a reward
The Soldier King
• Policies
– Strict austerity
– Consolidation of an obedient burreacracy
– Unquestioning obedience to the monarch
as a political institution rather than as a
person
– A large army
The Great Elector:
Centralization
• Kabinett government
– All documents submitted to his office
• General Directory
– Consolidated all departments
• Feudal dues become sense of duty to
the monarchy as an institution
The Soldier King
• “A formidable army and a war chest
large enough to make this army mobile
in times of need can create great
respect for you in the world, so that
you can speak a word like the other
powers.”
The Soldier King
• “I must be served with life and limb,
with house and wealth, with honour
and conscience, everything must be
committed except eternal salvation–
that belongs to God, abut all else is
mine.”
The Soldier King
• The Army
– Grew from 39,000 to 80,000
– 13th in population but 4th largest army
• Obsessed with tall soldiers
• Junker officer class become the highest
social class
The Soldier King
• Prussia became the most highly
militarized state in Europe
• The Sparta of the North
• Avoided actual wars
Frederick the Great
• Began the War of Austrian Succession
1740-1748
– Violated the Pragmatic Sanction
– Maria Theresa Empress of Austria
– Seized Silesia (increased size of his
domain by 25%)
Frederick the Great
• War of Austrian Succession widens
– France supported Prussia against the
traditional enemy, Austria
– Therefore helped consolidate a powerful
new German state
– Britain supported Austria to protect the
Austrian Low Countries
Frederick the Great
– France then supported Spain in their war
against Britain (the War of Jenkins’ Ear)
Frederick the Great
• The Seven Years’ War 1756-1763
– The Diplomatic Revolution:
– Austria and France allied against Prussia
– Saxony, fearing Prussia, joined as well
Frederick the Great
• Frederick began war with a preemptive strike against Saxony
• Found himself bogged down in a war
with
• Austria, France, Saxony, Russia, and
Sweden
Frederick the Great
• Great Britain, already at war with
France in North America, joins to
support Prussia
• William Pitt the Elder uses the war to
seize extensive colonies
Frederick the Great
• Frederick saves his kingdom
– Great Britain provided massive financial
aid
– Empress Elizabeth of Russia, an
implacable opponent of Frederick, died
– Her successor, Peter III, admired
Frederick and made peace.
Identifications of the Day
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The Soldier King
Junkers
Ivan the Terrible
Oprichniki
Time of Troubles
Michael Romanov
Multiple Choice
• The shaded portions on the map above
represent the areas
Multiple Choice
• A.
Controlled by Protestant rulers
• B.
Where the Renaissance first
occurred
• C.
Ruled by the Hapsburg family
Multiple Choice
• D.
Ruled by the Bourbon family
• E.
Affected most by urbanization
and the commercial revolution
Multiple Choice
• Frederick the Great (1740-1786)
contributed most to the rise of Prussia
as a major European power by
Multiple Choice
• A.
Maintaining traditional
dynastic alliances
• B.
Annexing the Hapsburg
province of Silesia
Multiple Choice
• C.
• D.
• E.
Promoting religious toleration
Encouraging the arts
Instituting judicial reforms
Multiple Choice
• In eighteenth century Europe, the most
important imperial rivalries existed
among which three of the following?
Multiple Choice
• A.
Russia, France, and Great
Britain
• B.
The German states, the Italian
states, and Great Britain
• C.
The German states the Italian
states and France
Multiple Choice
• D.
The German states, the Italian
states, and Spain
• E.
Spain, France, and Great
Britain.
Multiple Choice
• Which of the following characterized
European warfare between the Peace
of Utrecht (1713) and the outbreak of
the French Revolution (1789)?
Multiple Choice
• A.
Standing armies pursuing
limited strategic goals
• B.
Citizen armies fighting for
their native lands
Multiple Choice
• C.
Feudal armies fighting for their
lords
• D.
Mass armies pursuing global
strategies
• E.
Highly mobile armies
unhampered by traditional defenses.
Essay of the Day
• Analyze the major ways through which
Tsar Peter the Great (1689-1725)
sought to reform his society and its
institutions in order to strengthen
Russia and its position in Europe. AP
1989
Peter the Great: Goals
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Subdue the Boyars and the Streltsy
Secular control of the Church
Reorganize internal administration
Improve economy and war making
ability
The Boyars and the Strelsi:
The Problem
• Time of Troubles 1584-1613
• Revolt of the Streltsy (1682) and
regency of Sophia (1682-1689)
The Boyars and the Strelsi:
The Solution
• Great Embassy 1697-1698
• Shaving the beards and cutting the
sleeves of the boyars
– Symbol: reorientation to the West from
the East
• Table of Ranks 1722 Status dependant
upon willingness to serve the Tsar
• Crushing the Streltsi 1698
– Rebellion while he was in Western
Europe
– Broken savagely and 1200 executed
• Modern Western European style army
replaces the Strelsi as backbone of the
armed forces
Control of the Church:
The Problem
• Patriarch Nikon and Church reforms
• Old Believers
– Rejection of all innovation and new ideas
Control of the Church:
The Solution
• Abolished the Patriarchate 1721
• Replaced by a synod and controlled by
laymen
• The Church henceforth will serve the
interests of the state.
Domestic Administration:
The Problem
• Very inefficient
Domestic Administration:
The Solution
• “Colleges” or bureaus of several
individuals to oversee
– Collection of taxes
– Foreign relations
– War
– Economic Affairs
Domestic Administration:
The Solution
• A Senate of 9 persons to administer the
country in Moscow in the absence of
the Tsar
The Economy and War:
The Problem
• Economically backward
• Isolated from the West during most of
the year due to winter ice
• Backward, ineffective military forces
The Economy and War:
The Solution
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The Great Embassy
Education of nobles’ sons
Attraction of foreign craftsmen
Iron industry in Urals
• Drive to obtain a warm water port
• War against the Turks over Azov on the
Black Sea
• The Great Northern War 1700-1721
– Charles XII of Sweden
– Battle of Poltava 1709
The Economy and War:
The Solution
• Treaty of Nystad
– Russia receives Estonia, Livonia, and part
of Finland
St. Petersburg
• Founded 1703
– Built on islands on the Neva
– Peter’s Window on the West
– Boyars forced to build houses there
• Administrative center
• Symbolizes new Western orientation
Identifications of the Day
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Peter the Great
Great Northern War
Great Embassy
Poltava
St. Petersburg
Great Northern War
Multiple Choice
• After Constantinople fell to the Turks
in 1453, which of the following cities
claimed to be the “third Rome”?
Multiple Choice
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B.
C.
D.
E.
Moscow
Budapest
Madrid
Geneva
Warsaw
Multiple Choice
• Just as the reign of Louis XIV of
France is often cited as an example of
absolutism, the reign of Joseph II of
Austria is often cited as an example of
Multiple Choice
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Liberalism
Democracy
Mercantilism
Enlightened monarchy
The divine right of kings.
Multiple Choice
• The Russian woodcut above (about
1698) symbolizes Peter the Great’s
Multiple Choice
• A.
Victory over the Swedes in the
Great Northern War
• B.
Elimination of the Cossacks as
a political force within Russia
Multiple Choice
• C.
Imposition of Western values
on the Russian nobility
• D.
Initiation of the partition of
Poland
• E.
Struggle with his son, Alexis,
for control of Russia
Multiple Choice
• The map above of eighteenth-century
Russia suggests which of the following
about Russian territory between 1689
and 1796?
Multiple Choice
• A.
The Ottoman Empire annexed
the Crimea
• B.
Peter the Great added more
territory to Russia than did Catherine
the Great
• C.
Most Russian expansion took
place in the east
Multiple Choice
• D.
Russia ceded territory to
Poland in the late eighteenth century.
• E.
Russia acquired navigable
seaports in both the north and the
south.
Multiple Choice
• Which of the following occurred as a
result of the War of the Austrian
Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven
Years’ War (1756-1763)?
Multiple Choice
• A.
Prussia emerged as an
important economic and military
power
• B.
Sweden ceased to be a great
power
• C.
Russia extended its territory to
the shores of the Baltic Sea
Multiple Choice
• D.
Hapsburg claims to Polish
territory were dropped
• E.
France acquired the provinces
of Alsace and Lorraine.
Multiple Choice
• The reign of Peter the Great of Russia
(1682-1725) resulted in which of the
following?
Multiple Choice
• A.
The abolition of the Russian
Orthodox Church
• B.
The territorial expansion of
Russia
• C.
The weakening of serfdom
Multiple Choice
• D.
A decrease in the tax burden
on poor peasants
• E.
The emergence of a wealthy
middle class
Multiple Choice
• One policy Peter the Great used to
make Russia a great power was to
Multiple Choice
• A.
Decrease the tax burden on his
poorer subjects.
• B.
Build a new capital where his
nobles and merchants were obliged to
settle.
• C.
Abolish serfdom
Multiple Choice
• D.
Encourage national pride by
urging his subjects to retain traditional
dress and customs.
• E.
Introduce military conscription
for all adult males.
Multiple Choice
• The Enlightened Despots of the
eighteenth century would have been
most likely to favor which of the
following?
Multiple Choice
• A.
The Society of Jesus
• B.
Written constitutions
• C.
The abolition of organized
religion
Multiple Choice
• D.
The codification of laws
• E.
Royal succession based on
ability instead of birth
Essay of the Day
• Between 1450 and 1800, many women
gained power as rulers, some as
reigning queens, others as regents.
Identify two such powerful women and
discuss how issues of gender, such as
marriage and reproduction, influenced
their ability to obtain and exercise
power. AP 1994
Key Terms
• “issues of gender”
• “obtain power”
• “exercise power”
Name Those Uppity Women!
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Elizabeth I
Catherine de Medici
Maria Theresa
Catherine the Great
Class Exercise
• Form your groups
• Choose ONE figure
• Produce a thesis and list SFI for
“Obtain” and “Exercise” power.
• Be ready to share your views
Essay of the Day
• “By 1700 it had become evident that
Western Europe and Eastern Europe
were moving in opposite directions in
terms of their basic social structures.”
Discuss. AP 1978
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Political Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Political Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Political Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Economic Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Economic Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Economic Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Economic Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Social Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Social Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Social Differences
Western vs. Eastern Europe
• Socia
• l Differences