Transcript WORLD WAR I powerpoint Office version

WORLD WAR I
The Great War
The war to end all wars
Fundamental Causes
All European powers were to blame
for WWI, but not in equal amounts.
Fundamental Causes

Militarism



Nationalism called for
military strength
Lots of military buildup
 Arms Race
Britain feared German
buildup of naval forces
would mean an attack
on their empire
Fundamental Causes

Militarism (cont.)


Buildup of armies
Peacetime conscription
Germany
1880
1.3 m
1914
5.0 m
France
0.73 m 4.0 m
Russia
0.40 m 1.2 m
Fundamental Causes

Naval rivalry between
Britain and Germany

Buildup of naval forces
Naval
Expenditures
1900
Germany 7
Great
Britain
1914
23
million million
pounds pounds
26
45
million million
pounds pounds
Fundamental Causes

Militarism (cont)

1910-1914 Increase in
defense expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
Fundamental Causes

Alliances
 Military
alliances were in place so the sides
were all ready drawn up before the war
started
 Alliances were worded so that a minor conflict
could draw everyone into a war
Fundamental Causes

Alliances
 Otto
von Bismarck had
made alliances to
isolate France
 New Kaiser—Wilhelm
II—allowed the alliance
with Russia to lapse
thus giving France a
change to make new
alliances
Fundamental Causes

Alliances


Eventually, the Triple
Alliance will be made
up of Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and
Italy
The Triple Entente will
be France, Russia, and
Great Britain (who
joins because of fears
of German aggression)
Fundamental Causes

Alliances: A web of alliances
Fundamental Causes

Imperialism

Lots of disagreements
and competition over
colonial possessions
because of
competition for raw
materials and markets
for goods



For example:
British feared Germany
in Africa
Austrian feared
Russia/Serbia in the
Balkans
Fundamental causes
NATIONALISM
a. many areas were disputed for ownership
-Alsace and Lorraine
-between France and Germany
Fundamental causes

Also in dispute…
Bosnia and Herzegovina
-between Austria-Hungary and
Russia as well as independence
movements
Fundamental causes

Nationalism (cont.)
 National
pride tied to military strength
 Nationalism encouraged some groups to seek
independence
Fundamental Causes

Aggressive nationalism
Fundamental Causes

Nationalism (cont.)
 Intense
patriotism meant huge popular
support for warlike measures
 Newspapers
more important than ever in getting
public opinion behind an issue
Fundamental Causes

Conflicts in the Balkans
 Mountainous
area in Southeast Europe
Fundamental Causes

Balkans (cont.)
 Region
 Lots
known as the “powder keg of Europe”
of revolts, rebellions, rivalries
Break time!

You are going to create the beginnings of
a foldable to help you remember the
causes of WWI.

You will be given all the materials and
instructions to be able to complete the
foldable on your own.
Immediate Cause of WWI
28 June 1914
 Heir to Austrian
throne Franz
Ferdinand visits
Sarajevo.
 Capital of Bosnia,
recently grabbed by
Austria so there was a
lot of tension in the
area

Immediate Cause

The
Archduke
Franz
Ferdinand
and his
family
Immediate Cause



of the
“Black Hand” terrorists Seal
Black
attack the Arch Duke
Hand
group
Bomb attempt fails in
morning
Gavrilo Princip shoots
Archduke and wife in the
afternoon.
Immediate Cause
Austrians blame Serbia
for supporting terrorists.
 Austrians, supported by
Germany, send Serbia a
tough ultimatum.

“Demands must be
put to Serbia that
would be wholly
impossible for
them to accept …”
Count
BerchtoldAustrian
Prime
Minister
Immediate Cause
Immediate Cause
Russia mobilises her
troops to support
Serbia
 Germany demands
that Russia stands her
armies down.
 Germany declares war
on Russia

The Two Sides

Central Powers:




Germany—led by
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Austria-Hungary—led
by Emperor Franz
Joseph
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Wilhelm II
Franz
Joseph
The Two Sides

Allied Powers





Great Britain—led by
King George V
France
Russia—led by Czar
Nicholas II
Italy—led by King
Victor Emmanuel III
And about 25 other
nations
George V
Nicholas II
The Two Sides
The Schlieffen Plan




Germany’s military plan
to defeat France
“Knock out blow”
aimed at France first.
Avoid French defences
by invasion of Belgium.
Germans thought
Britain would not
intervene (they were
wrong)

Germany would avoid a
two front war.
Why did Britain get involved?
Britain had Ententes with
France and Russia.
 Not obligated to join war with
France and Russia
 But...had a treaty with Belgium
promising to help them if they
were ever attacked.

Why did Britain get involved?
Attack on neutral
Belgium caused Britain
to declare war
 Claim of German
atrocities
 German army in
Belgium was too close
for comfort

The Schlieffen Plan

Germany
made vast
encircling
movement
through
Belgium to
enter Paris
The Schlieffen Plan

Sept 6-10, 1914



Battle of Marne
Stopped the Germans
but French troops
were exhausted
Both sides dug
trenches for shelter
STALEMATE
Major Battles

War had 3 fronts but
most of the action was
on 2 fronts


Western Front


Area along the battle lines
or between the armies
Between France and
Germany
Eastern Front

Germany/Austria-Hungary
and Russia
Major Battles
Western Front
Worst of the
fighting
 War of attrition

Western Front
Battle of the Marne
 Stopped
the German invasion of
France in 1914
 Ended the Schlieffen Plan
 Troops settle into trench warfare
and fight a stalemate of a war
for 3 long years



No one was winning, no one was
losing
Front lines rarely shifted more than
a few miles
Huge losses on both sides as each
tried to break the stalemate
Trench Warfare
Trenches dug
from English
Channel to
Switzerland
 6,250 miles
 6 to 8 feet
deep
 Immobilized
both sides
for 4 years

Trench Warfare

Elaborate systems
of defense





barbed wire
Concrete machine gun
nests
Mortar batteries
Troops lived in holes
underground
Boredom
Trench Warfare

No Man’s Land
“Death is everywhere”
“We all had on us the
stench of dead
bodies.” Death
numbed the soldier’s
minds.
 Shell shock
 Psychological
devastation

“Death is everywhere”

Mustard gas



Carried by the
wind
Burned out
soldier’s lungs
Deadly in the
trenches
where it would
sit at the
bottom
Trench Warfare
Generals did not
understand how to
deal with this new
type of war and the
new weapons
 Millions of young men
on both sides were
sacrificed trying to
break the stalemate

Break time!
History simulation of trench warfare.
Would you make a good officer?
 http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/gcse/fi
rstworldwar/westernfront/Western%20Fr
ont%20Sim.htm

Battle of Verdun
Between
French and
German troops
 Verdun was a
fortress city
 Attempt to
break the
stalemate of
trench warfare

Verdun


10 months
700,000
men or more
killed
Battle of the Somme

Between British and German troops
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War is Hell!
The Eastern Front
Between Germany
and Russia
 Much more mobile
more than the West



But loss of life still
very high
1915: 2.5 million
Russians killed,
captured, or wounded
The Eastern Front

Battle of Tannenberg
 Russians
lose over 1 million soldiers but
Russian actions keep German soldiers tied up
on the Eastern Front
 German
has to continue to fight a two front war
The Eastern Front


1915: 2.5 million
Russians killed,
captured, or
wounded
Poor leadership, poor
morale, lack of
equipment, and
humiliating defeats
will also lead to the
Russian Revolution in
1917
Nicholas II
The Eastern Front

Russian Revolution overthrows the Czar
 New
communist government led by Vladimir
Lenin
The Eastern Front

New Russian leadership—Vladimir Lenin–
negotiates a separate peace treaty with
Germany
 Treaty
WWI

of Brest-Litovsk: Russia pulls out of
German can now concentrate all military
force on the Western Front
Elsewhere….

Gallipoli Campaign
 Attempt
by the British to
break the Ottoman
Empire and get needed
supplies to the Russians
 Idea was to break
through the Straits of
Dardanelles and capture
Istanbul
(Constantinople)
Gallipoli Campaign
British effort was
poorly planned and
executed
 Many Australian and
British soldiers died
 Nothing more was
accomplished


Could the outcome of
the war been different
if Gallipoli had
succeeded?
Naval War
England and Germany
both tried to blockade
the other
 Germany used its new
submarine fleet to
attack all ships that
approached England



German submarines
called U-Boats
German word
(unterseeboots)
Naval War

Starting in Feb, 1915, Germany followed a
policy of unrestricted submarine warfare
 Any
ship that approached England would be
sunk
 Targets were mostly merchant ships carrying
supplies and military warships
 Until…
Naval War

German U-boat
torpedoed and sank
the Lusitania


a passenger ship with
civilian men, women,
and children aboard
Included about 125
Americans
Lusitania
Lusitania
U.S. protests
 More Americans become angry at
Germany
 Still not enough to get the US involved in
the war
 Germany agrees to suspend unrestricted
submarine warfare---for a short while

Battle of Jutland
Attempt by Germany to break the British
blockade
 Only major naval battle of the war
 Battle was a technical draw

 Reality
was that Germany did not break the
blockade
 Britain will tighten its grip on Germany,
cutting off its supplies
Jutland
New Weapons

Submarines
New Weapons

Tanks
New Weapons

Airplanes
New Weapons

Machine guns
New Weapons

Poison Gas
New Weapons

Other new weapons
Dirigibles (Zeppelin,
blimp)
 Flame throwers
 Grenade launchers

New Weapons

Larger more
powerful cannons

German “Big
Bertha”

Note to self
 Go
to US enters the
war powerpoint
Aftereffects of
WWI
9,000,000 Dead
The Somme American Cemetery,
France

116,516 Americans died
World War I Casualities
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Social Effects of WWI

Almost 10 million
soldiers killed and
over 20 million
wounded
Social Effects of WWI

Millions of civilians
died because of war,
famine, and disease


Cities and villages
destroyed by warfare
Blockade by British
almost starved the
German people
Social Effects

World left with
hatred, intolerance,
and extreme
nationalism
Economic Effects of WWI

Total cost of war-$350 Billion

Resulted in heavy
taxation and a lower
standard of living for
everyone
Cost in Dollars
in 1914-1918
Allied
Powers
125,690,477,000
Central
Powers
60,643,160,000
Economic Effects of WWI

In Russia, Communists seized power and
introduced a new economic system
 Power
to the workers; everyone equal
 Everyone works for the good of society and
everyone shares the wealth
Economic Effects of WWI

Economic problems
caused by the war
helped to bring about
the global depression
of 1929
Political Effects of WWI

US emerged as a
reluctant world power
Political Effects of WWI

New nations
arose in Europe

Poland,
Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
and several more
Political Effects of WWI
League of Nations was established
 3 major European dynasties were
dethroned

 Hohenzollern
of Germany
 Hapsburg of Austria-Hungary
 Romanov of Russia
Political Effects of WWI

Nationalism in the colonies increased
 Colonies
started to demand independence
 Colonies were promised independence if they
helped fight during WWI
 Now,
European nations were reluctant to grant
independence because they needed the colonies to
help them rebuild
Political Effects of WWI

Many European
nations turned to
dictatorships because
of economic and
political problems

Germany, Russia, Italy
and many Eastern
European nations