Transcript uploads/4/8/0/6/48063503/ch_13x

Economic Advance and Social Unrest
CH 13
Rise of Industrial Society
 British textile industry vast worldwide
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economic network
British naval protected shipping routes
British dominated markets in North
America(US and Canada) as well as British
India and much of Africa and LA
1830’s-Belgium, France, and German states
start to industrialize
Most production still in countryside
developments
 Population explosion
 Cities strained by rapid growth-housing,
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sewers, food supplies, lighting, fires, disease
Struggle to survive for peasants in
countryside-commercializtion of ag
Specter of poor harvests
Irish Potato Famine of 1845-1847
Railroad production and migration-steam
engine
The Labor Force
 Varied and diverse composition
 Factory workers, urban artisans, miners,
household servants, farm workers, RR
workers
 Some decently paid and some labored at
subsistence wages
 Some basically wage slaves
 Only the textile mills fully mechanized
Wage-labor force
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Labor becomes a commodity
Process called proletarianization
Workers lost control over means of production
Urban artisans in the building trades did all right
with the growth of cities
 Guilds slowly lost control over their industry or
craft
 Process of confection-mass production in
standard sizes and styles
 Division of labor in the workplace
Working class Political
action
 British Chartism
 William Lovett and radical artisans form the
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London working Man’s Association-circulated
petitions and lobbied HOC-mostly fizzled
Charter-6 reforms
1. universal male suffrage
2. annual elections in the HOC
3. secret Ballot
4. equal electoral districts
5. abolition of property qualifications
6. Payment of salaries to HOC
The Family and the Factory
System
 Did not destroy the working class family
 Domestic system-Father and mother and
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children worked together
Factory system-whole families would work
together in the factory
New work discipline
Women-unskilled labor in the textile mills
Well paid skilled adult males-supervising
women and children from other families
Child Labor
 English Factory act of 1833-no child labor
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under 9, hours from 13 to 9, and 2 hours of
education
Broke parental link
Teacher in charge of education
Demand for shorter workday for adults
1847-10 hour workday
Reformers view-women’s place in the home
Women
 Wages of male spouse sufficient
 New concept of gender determined role in
home
 Women and domestic duties
 Men financial supporters
 Children raised to conform to these gender
patterns
 Started to impact working class
Women and textile mills
 Women involved in all levels of production
 Hand spinning almost always female work
 Men displaced married women in factories
 1820’s-Unmarried unskilled women
 Supervisors of women almost always men
 Supervisors did not like hiring married women
 Most women still domestic servants or domestic
cottage industries
 All work low wages and low skilled
Working class Marriage
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Cohabitation before marriage common
Less arranged marriage
Young girls domestic servants or factory workers
Supervised dorms for factory workers
Fewer family and community ties in cities
Married women had more children who were
sent to work
 Home support for the entire wage earning family
 Women in charge of financial picture
 Well defined gender roles
Crime, order, Poverty
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Rapid urbanization and population growth
Crime increases in 19th century-theft, arson
Difficult to quantify
Containing crime and punishment-concern
about order and stability
 1. Better systems of police-professionals
 2. Prison reform
 A. Transportation to Australia-penal colony
 B. Rehabilitation or transform the prisoner
 C. Creation of repressive prison systems
Jack the Ripper
 Serial Killer in London in 1888
 Female prostitutes who had their throats cut
before he mutilated their abdomens
 Removal of internal organs…Was it a doctor?
 Murders were never solved
 Subject of endless speculation, folklore,
pseudo science
 Over 100 theories about the identity
Saucy Jack letter
 I was not codding [sic] dear old Boss when I
gave you the tip, you'll hear about Saucy
Jacky's work tomorrow double event this
time number one squealed a bit couldn't
finish straight off. Had not got time to get
ears off for police thanks for keeping last
letter back till I got to work again.
Jack the Ripper
Classical economics
 Adam Smith-the Wealth of Nations (1776)
 Economic growth through competitive free
enterprise
 The marketplace ruled
 Governments existed to provide a sound
currency, enforce contracts, protect property
rights, impose low tariffs and taxes, and leave
the rest to private individuals
 Placed liberals at odds with the working
classes
Utilitarianism
 Jeremy Bentham
 Principle of Utility-that which brings the greatest
happiness to people
 1834-New Poor Law passed in HOC
 Made poverty undesirable, established
workhouses for poor relief, the undeserving
poor, poor because they were lazy
 1846-repeal of Corn laws-repeal of British tariffs
on grains
Socialism
 Early socialists not organized
 Denied that the free market alone could
function in a just way
 Society should be organized as a community,
not a bunch of atomistic individuals
 Eventually very important in European
history
Utopian Socialists
 19th century writers who called for the
replacement of existing capitalist system with
visionary solutions or communities
 Robert Owen-Scottish industrialist-New
Lanark
 Enlightened management techniques in his
factory created an ideal industrial community
 1820’s-New Harmony, Indiana-failure
New Lanark, Scotland
New Harmony Indiana
Marxism-Karl Marx
Marxism
 Most influential form of socialism in history of
Europe
 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in Nov 1917Lenin’s interpretation of Marxist thought
dominates
 Various interpretations, criticisms, and
revisions
Marx and Engels-Scientific
Socialism
 1845- The Condition of the Working Class in
England
 1848-The Communist Manifesto
 1867-Das Capital
Source of Marx’s ideas
 1. German teachings of
Hegel
 2. French Utopian socialism
 3. British Classical
economics
Hegel and Marx
 Philosophical thought that new ideas emerge
from clash of thesis and anti thesis and
creates a new synthesis
 Marx applies concrete historical, social, and
economic realities to this idea
 Historical stages of development (class
struggle) and economic determinism
Class Struggle
 Struggle between the Bourgeoisie and the
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Proletariat
Capitalism enlarged the size of the Proletariat
The Suffering proletariat would eventually
revolt against the capitalists
A dictatorship of the Proletariat would arise
Classless and property less society would
emerge
Utopian View
Anarchism
 Believed that government is oppressive and
should be organized on purely voluntary
cooperation
 Some violent terrorists and some peaceful
 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon- What is Property?
 Attacked the banking industry, favored the
existence of cooperatives that helped the
community
1848-Year of Revolutions
 Economic problems-food shortages and
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unemployment
Wretched living conditions
Political liberals calling for more
representation
Temporary alliance-liberals and workers
Nationalism arose in empires
False spring for Europe
France
 Liberal political opponents of Louis Philippe
 Series of political banquets
 Workers tired of high food prices and
unemployment
 Erected barricades-Louis abdicates
 Provisional government est. National workshops
for workers
 Elections-universal male suffrage-New national
Assembly
 Conflict between workers and government
Louis Napoleon
 Elected in late 1848 to President
 Source of stability and greatness
 Doomed the 2nd Republic
 1851-seized power, arrested enemies
 Plebiscite of 1851-7.5 million voted for him
 1852-2nd French empire formed
 Emperor Napoleon III
The Hapsburg Empire
 Rebellions in Vienna, Prague, Hungary, Italy
 Many different priorities-nationalism, liberal
reform, worker’s rights
The German Confederation
 Major revolution in Prussia-Frederick William
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IV opposed any constitution
Berlin-large popular disturbances
Use of troops?
Call for a constituent assembly to write a con
FW gives in to demands-new constitution
1. 3 tier voting-all adult males but tiered on
taxes
2. Prussian army swore loyalty to the Kaiser
The Frankfort Parliament
 Revision of organization of German
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Confederation
Parliament offended German conservatives
and working classes
Floundered in case of unification-Austria?
Offered crown of united Germany to FW III
Refused! Called it a dog collar