Transcript Influence of Charles Darwin

COMMUNICATION AND
TECHNOLOGY
By Margaret Morgan, Grace Forster, Catherine
Colbran, and Becca Cashion
THE SPREAD OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION- BRITAIN
People moved from the country to the city
Population and economy grew rapidly
Factory workers- worked in dangerous conditions
Class no longer derived from birth
Gap of wealth between factory workers and owners grew
Factory Acts(1803)- Solved the worst problems and raised the
worker’s pay
Fredriech Engles- fought against work conditions and the
exploitation of workers
BRITAIN CON.
Karl Marx- believed that only a revolution would create a more
humane society and a close collaborator with Engles
Industrial revolution- fueled by technology and private capital
New transportation encouraged migration and trade
Initial effects were a polluted, unsanitary, crowded cities
Growth in middle class prosperity
Guarded their inventors by making it illegal for them to leave the
country
by 1850 Britain no longer monopolized industrial textile
production, coal mining or railroad building
FRANCE
Late 18th century- English goods entered market
France restricted English trade until the Eden Treaty in 1786
English cloth swamped French market
France had coal and iron mines
Concentration on luxury items-silk, fine carpets etc.
Before 1850- industrialization concentrated in Alsace
1842- government planned major railroad construction
Honore Le Blance-French gunsmith-pioneered the use of
interchangeable parts
Precision manufacture of identical parts so that if the original part breaks or wears out, it can be replaced
EUROPE
Industrialization in Europe began after the Napoleonic wars in
1815
Belgium was the first region to industrialize-focused on textiles
European guilds-actively opposed industrialization
Too poor to provide a market for mass produced goods
GERMANY
•Industry grew on coal mines
•August Borsig-set up a machine shop in 1837 that would become the car
factory in Europe
•Werner Siemens- inventor who established a factory in Berlin in 1847 that
was a major electrical goods manufacturer.
•Most Germans still lived in the country-less than 10% lived in cities larger
than 20,000
•German Customs Union (1834)- free-trade area dominated by Prussia and
important in Prussian unification of Germany 1871.
•Proletariat- an industrial worker who owns nothing but their job
•Capitalists- people whose money came from capital-wealth in money rather
than land
•Tariffs- taxes charged on imported goods that raise consumer costs and add
to government revenues
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
•Occurred during the second half of the 19th century
•After 1870
•Very optimistic era
•Used a lot of steel and electricity
•Industrial advances
•Increase in pay
•Decrease in working hours
•Science threatened religious beliefs
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
First water power and coal driven steam engines invented
Steel was invented and mass produced
This allowed teller buildings faster
aka skyscraper
The elevator was invented
New ideas in weaponry were thought up
Explosives now used ammonia the gas
Cheep dyes were found
CONTINUED
• Telegraph was invented allowing news to travel instantly
Used in armies and eventually every day houses
• Printing
Linotype machine mechanized typesetting
Lithography allowed for pictures to
be in papers
FORMS OF ENERGY
• Started using natural gas (cheaper)
• Steam ships used petroleum
Kerosine, gasoline
• Electricity
Transmits power over long distance
Allowed plants and things to be located far away from civilization
THE SCIENCE OF SOCIETY
-
application of Scientific Method to human behavior  anthropology,
psychology, sociology
-Theory of Evolution
-Struck at the heart of religion
-Religious leaders attacked new science
-Sociology= “science of society,” belief that human society could be studied,
quantified, and understood like any other part of the natural world
LAW OF THREE STAGES
Auguste Comte= proposed the law of three stages, which explained history as
the steady progress of humanity’s understanding of the world through rational
observation
1. Theological- people explained the world with reference to God
2. Metaphysical- belief in ideas as reality
3. Positive (positivism)- world would be explained be veritable
scientific data and method, and all branches of human knowledge would come
together in a unified scientific system
SCIENCE OF SOCIETY
Emile Durkheim= French sociologist
influenced by positivism who used
empirical methods and statistics to study
society
empiricism= belief that all knowledge
can be derived from scientific
observation
Thought division of labor had positive effects
on society (like separate organs working together
for the good of the whole body)
Max Weber= German sociologist who
studied the inner workings of authority
and obedience; considered religious
belief, charisma, and bureaucracy central
influences on political and social life
Charisma  successful political leaders
INFLUENCE OF CHARLES
DARWIN
Charles Darwin= English scientist who
formulated the theory of natural selection
Traveled the world in the HMS Beagle, sketched and
gathered samples of thousands of exotic species
NOT evolution (scientists before him came up with this)
Critics called him the “monkey man”
natural selection= theory that better-adapted
species survive (and reproduce) while others
are eliminated
Random mutations that enhanced survival played a key role
in evolution
INFLUENCE OF CHARLES
DARWIN
Gregor Mendel= Austrian monk credited with the discovery of the theory of
genetic heredity
social Darwinists= theorists who applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection
to human society
Herbert Spencer coined “survival of the fittest”
Society’s health depended on the strongest elements being allowed to develop themselves freely
Poor were blamed for their own poverty
INFLUENCE OF CHARLES
DARWIN
eugenics= pseudoscience aiming to improve humanity be encouraging
those with “desirable traits” (strong, intelligent, etc.) to reproduce; now
discredited as racist
“racial superiority”
Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia= Russian ethnographer who studied Russian
peasant life
CHEMISTRY AND THE NEW
PHYSICS
• Dmitri Mendeleev came up with the periodic table
-Classified elements according to atomic weight and
recurring properties
-Allowed chemists to predict characteristics of unknown
elements
• Scientific advancements:
Electricity  electric light bulb, phonograph
Radio waves  radio
X-rays  healthcare
CHEMISTRY AND THE NEW
PHYSICS
Albert Einstein= German physicist most famous for his theory of relativity;
reformulated physicists’ understanding of the universe
special theory of relativity= Einstein’s theory stating that as particles approach the
speed of light, their speed cannot be predicted by Newton’s laws of motion; rather
that the speed of light is constant while distance and time are relative to the observer
Max Planck= German physicist and author of quantum theory (explained behavior of
energy in an atom) who won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918
Einstein and Planck showed that there was still so much to learn about time and space