Transcript world war one

WORLD WAR ONE
NATIONALISM TRIUMPHS IN EUROPE (1800 – 1914)
– Huge rush of nationalism in the 1800s
– Unified some countries and tore other apart
– Germany
• 1862-1890 – Otto von Bismarck creates a powerful
German empire
• Promotes economy, aggressive foreign policy,
domestic reforms
– Italy
• 1870 – Nationalism unified the country
• Long history of fragmentation will cause problems
– Russia
• Russian czars reluctantly surrender absolute power
• Country will swing between reform and repression
– Ethnic groups in Eastern Europe growing
restless for their own nations
– Ottoman and Hapsburg empires feel unrest
from their people and begin to fall apart
GROWTH OF WESTERN DEMOCRACIES
(1815 – 1914)
– Britain, France, US – reformers seek democratic
rights and social change
– Reformers try to help laborers
– British suffrage is extended to all males, making
women seek the vote too
– Defeated during the Franco-Prussian War and
Civil War
– France sets up Third Republic government
– By 1900, US became world industrial giant
– US is magnet for immigrants seeking freedom
and opportunity
THE NEW IMPERIALISM (1800 – 1914)
– Age of Imperialism – European powers expand their empires
quickly
– Much resistance but brought a lot of the world under their
control
– Industrial Revolution gave western powers the means and
motives to seek global domination
– With little regard for tradition or native people, European
powers carve up the African continent
– Britain, France, Russia take advantage of the crumbling
Ottoman empire
– Britain takes over 60% of India
– China is taken over by spheres of influence by Western
powers
– China tries to resist but is overcome
– By early 1900s, leaders in colonized parts were trying to
create nationalist movements
NEW GLOBAL PATTERNS (1800 -1914)
– Imperialism results in global exchange
– Many nations profit, some are torn apart
– Many radical changes in economies and
governments
– Japan transforms in to a modern nation to ward
off imperialism
– By 1900, Western powers had claimed and
carved up most of Asia
– British colonies – Canada, Australia, New
Zealand win independence
– Latin America struggles to modernize and set
up stable governments
– Europe forces people to accept western ideas
THE PURSUIT OF PEACE
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1896 – 1st modern Olympic Games held in Athens
Alfred Nobel – inventor of dynamite
Regretted the use of his invention
In his will, set up the Nobel Peace Prize
AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM
• France and Germany
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Strong nationalist feelings
Germans were proud of their new military power
France wanted to regain its domination
Wanted their lost land back from Prussia
• Eastern Europe
– Russia – state sponsored nationalism “PanSlavism”
– Austria-Hungray and the Ottoman’s felt
threatened
– By 1914, the Balkan’s called “powder keg of
Europe”
RIVALRIES BETWEEN NATIONS
• Imperialism
– Economies were growing, new factories
were mass producing products
– Europe divided by competition for colonies
• Militarism and the Arms Race
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Militarism – glorification of the military
“Survival of the Fittest”
Countries made war seem glorified
Armies and Navies grew huge
Britain and Germany = navy
Military leaders gained political influence
A TANGLE OF ALLIANCES
• Distrust lead powers to sign
treaties
• Pledged to help each other
• To create massive powers no one
would attack
• Triple Alliance 1882 – Italy,
Germany, Austria-Hungary
• Became known as Central Powers
• 1894 – France and Russia
• 1904 - France and Britain created
entente
• Entente – non-binding agreement
to follow common policies
• Became the Allies
ASSASSINATION IN SARAJEVO
• Serbian Outrage
– Archduke Francis Ferdinand
of Austria-Hungary
announced he would visit
Sarajevo, Bosnia
– Serbian nationalists were
outraged
– June 28th was Independence
Day – felt that they were being
patronized
– Serbian group “Black Hand”
vowed to take action
THE FATAL SHOTS
– Archduke ignored warnings
– June 28, 1914 road with wife, Sophie thru Sarajevo
– Gavrilo Princip attacked car, two shots, both dead
HARSH ULTIMATUM
–Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum
–Ultimatum – final set of demands
–Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation
and punish Serbian’s that were involved
–Serbia agreed, partially
–July 28th – Austria declares war
FROM CAPITAL TO CAPITAL
– Could have been a small war
– Alliances caused countries to
join
– Austria-Hungary got help from
Germany
– Serbia got help from Russia
– Mobilization – prepare military
forces
– Russia asked France to help and
avenge loss
– Germany declared war on
France
THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
– Italy stayed neutral
– Britain had to decide
– General Alfred von
Schlieffen
– Plan to avoid two front
war
– Defeat France then
Russia
– Germany invaded
Belgium to get to France
– Britain declares war on
Germany
A NEW KIND OF CONFLICT
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Called “The Great War”
Largest conflict in history
40 million men mobilized
1 in 4 died, ones who lived,
maimed, blind, mad
War moved quickly
By September 1914, battle lines were drawn
Winter brought stalemate
Stalemate – deadlock in which neither side is
able to defeat the other
THE WESTERN FRONT
• Deep trenches across Europe
• No Man’s Land – space between trenches
• Covered in shell holes, barbed wire, dead
bodies, land mines
• Only gained in small amounts
TECHNOLOGY OF MODERN WARFARE
• New weapons developed
• Could shell from 10 miles away
• 1915, German’s started using poison gas –
blinded, blistered, burns
• Gas masks to counteract
• Airplanes – 1,2 seat with machine guns
• Automatic machine guns – rapid continuous bullet stream
• Submarines – U-Boats, sunk ships without warning
• Zeppelins – large gas filled balloons used to bomb
• Convoys – groups of merchant ships protected by warships
GLOBAL CONFLICT
• Eastern Europe
– Russia pushed though Germany
– Tannenberg – Russia defeated and retreated
– Couldn’t fight new weapons
• Southern Europe
– Bulgaria and Italy joined
– Italy has secret alliance to get Austrian land
• War and the Colonies
– European colonies were drawn into the struggle
– Allies took over colonies
– Some forced in to service, others served to get independence
WINNING THE WAR
– Total War
• Nations channeled all resources in to war effort
• Conscription – The Draft, all young men had to be ready
– Propaganda War
• Propaganda – spreading of ideas to promote cause damaging to
other side
• Wanted to keep bad news quite and raise nationalism
WINNING THE WAR
– Impact of Women
• As men left to fight, women took jobs
• Some women became nurses in the war
• Most women had to give up jobs when men returned
– Collapsing Morale
• By 1917, troops were depressed
• Germany was sending 15 year olds in to battle
• Many casualties, food shortages, failure to win – upset people
WINNING THE WAR
– Russian Revolution
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Russia hit hard by war
Food riots lead people to revolt
Monarchy fell apart, Allies were happy czar fell
V.I. Lenin came to power
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany – ended war
for Russia
– Impact on War
• With Russia gone, Germany concentrated on Western
Front
THE US DECLARES WAR
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1917 – US joins war
Germany was using U-Boats and sinking American ships
Killed many civilians especially on the Lusitania
Americans supported the Allies since they came from Allied
countries
– Zimmerman Note
• US intercepted note from
German minister
• Promised Mexico land they lost
if they helped Germany
• Published, Americans got mad
– Declaring War
• April 1917 Pres Wilson asked
congress to declare war
• Took year to Europe
– Fourteen Points
• January 1918, Fourteen Points Speech
• Freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms
• Wanted great association of nations
– Campaign to Victory
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Early 1918 – final battles fought
German’s overthrew government
Other countries were getting tired
Armistice – Agreement to end fighting
Germany and Allies at 11am on November 11, 1918
COST OF WAR
• 8.5 million people were dead
• Influenza pandemic killed 20 million around the
world
• Most of Europe had to be rebuilt from shelling
damage
• Countries had huge war debt
• Reparations – payment for war damage
• Governments collapsed, revolutionaries took over
• Colonies fought back against imperialism for
independence
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
• Big Three
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US President Woodrow Wilson
British PM George
French Pres Clemenceau
No one likes it Wilson’s points
• Difficult Issues
– Countries wanted land back that
was taken from them
– Wilson got his international peace
group, League of Nations
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
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June 1919 – met with new German Republic to sign treaty
Read document with horror
Forced Germany to pay for the whole war ($30 billion)
Reduce army and return lands
Forced to sign treaty – would cause resentment for years