Transcript valley forge - Jasper City Schools

Section 3: The Impact of the
Enlightenment
The Arts:
– Architecture:
•
Balthasar Neumann: two masterpieces The
Church of the Fourteen Saints and the palace
of prince-bishop of Wurzburg; both are light,
painted with bright colors, lavish with
elaborate detail
•
Art:
rococo: replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was secular,
emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action.
• Antoine Watteau: his paintings reveal a world
of upper class pleasure and joy; Danse dans
un Pavillion; Gersaint’s Shopsign
Gersaint’s Shopsign
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
painted many walls and ceilings
of churches and palaces; masterpiece:
the Ceiling of the Bishop’s Palace at
Wurzburg
Music:
•
Bach: organist; composer; music director at the Church of St.
Thomas; Mass in B Minor
•
Handel: known for his religious music; Messiah
•
Hayden: musical director for Hungarian princes; The Creation
and The Seasons
•
Mozart: child prodigy; wrote operas; The Marriage of Figaro, The
Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni
HANDEL
HAYDEN
BACH
Literature:
•
development of the European novel
•
Henry Fielding wrote novels about people
without morals who survive by their wits; The
History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism

The philosophers believed in natural rights for all people.

These rights are referred to in the American Declaration of
Independence: to religious worship, speech, press, assembly,
hold property, and the pursuit of happiness; they believed that
enlightened rulers were to preserve these rights.
B. Enlightened absolutism: a system in which rulers tried to
govern by Enlightenment principles while retaining royal
power. Enlightened rulers emerge in Prussia, Austria, and
Russia.
Prussia: Army and Bureaucracy
- Fredrick William I built the fourth largest army in
Europe; it was the most important institutions in
the state.
- Frederick II, or Frederick the Great, adopted some
Enlightenment ideas:
1. abolished torture except in treason and murder
cases,
2. granted limited freedom of speech,
3. limited freedom of the press, and
4. complete religious toleration; but he kept serfdom
and the rigid social structure
PRUSSIA
FREDERICK I
FREDERICK II 
The Austrian Empire:
- Austria was a major power by the eighteenth century.
- Empress Maria Theresa, worked to alleviate the conditions of
the serfs but was not open to the ideas of the Enlightenment.
AUSTRIA
CHRISTMAS IN AUSTRIA
-
Her successor, Joseph II, was more influenced by
the philosophers. He abolished serfdom and the
death penalty, recognized equality before the law
and allowed religious toleration. His programs
largely failed because he alienated nobility and the
Catholic Church. Serfs were confused about their
new role in society.
Russia Under Catherine the Great:
.
-
Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, was the German wife
of the murdered Peter III, through politics she came to the
Russian throne.
- She knew the ideas of the Enlightenment, and even invited
Diderot to speak in Russia, and corresponded through
letters to Voltaire. However, she did not adopt Enlightenment
reforms because she need the support of the
Russian nobility.
- Under her rule, conditions for the peasants worsened, and
she crushed a peasant revolt and expanded serfdom to
new parts of the empire.
- She expanded Russia’s territory. Catherine fought the
Ottoman Turks for a warm water port and added territory
along the Black Sea; Russia gained about 50 percent
of Poland’s territory; She attacked Poland with Prussia and
Austria; they divided the rest of Poland; Poland leaves the
map until 1918.
CATHERINE THE GREAT
Catherine’s Palace North Side
Enlightened Absolutism?
The rulers of Austria, Prussia, and
Russia decisions were ultimately
guided by a concern for power and the
well-being of their states.
War of the Austrian Succession:
 Maria Theresa succeeded her father
to the Austrian throne after his death;
 many European rulers did not recognize her
right to succeed him, therefore Prussia invaded
Austrian Silesia.
 France allied with Prussia, and Britain
allied with Austria.
 The War of the Austrian Succession was fought
in Europe, the Far East, and North America. In
1748 all parties agreed to peace with the Treaty
of Aix-la-Chapelle;
 all occupied territories but Silesia were returned
to their original owners.
The Seven Years’ War
A.
In 1756 a worldwide war broke out; three major areas of
conflict Europe, India, and North America (“FRENCH AND
INDIAN WAR”)
B.
Europe: British and Prussians against the Austrians,
Russians, and French;
Prussian army was able to defeat the French,
Austrians, and Russians for some time,
But Frederick the Great faced disaster until the czar
Peter III (Russia) withdrew his troops from the war;
A stalemate led to peace; under the Treaty of Paris
(1763),
All occupied territories were returned and Austria
officially recognized Prussia’s permanent control of
Silesia.
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
India:
Struggle was between Britain and France;
outside of Europe was known as the Great War for
Empire;
Sheer persistence made the British win in India.
With the treaty of Paris the French withdrew from
India for good
North America: known as the Seven Years’ War;
The French colonies in North America
(Canada and Louisiana) were thinly populated
trading outposts;
The 13 British colonies were thickly populated and
were quite prosperous;
 Native Americans allied with the French
because they were viewed as traders,
not settlers.
 Mainly fought over the
Ohio River Valley;
 British win;
 With the Treaty of Paris the French transferred
Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi
to Britain
Section 4: Colonial Empires and
the American Revolution
Colonial Empires in Latin America
–
–
Latin America was a multiracial society:
Economic Foundations:
• gold and silver was one source of wealth, but farming
(plantations) proved to be a long-lasting source of
prosperity
• other valuable products shipped to Europe: diamonds
and animal hides
Colonial Empires in Latin
America
State and Church
•
Portuguese and Spanish Empires last over 300 years;
close regulation of these empires was impossible because
of distance between the colony and the monarch; result
colonies had a lot of freedom to carry out imperial policies
•
Converting Native Americans to Christianity had been a
goal of Europeans since they first arrived; this policy gave
the Catholic Church an important role to play in society;
they built cathedrals, hospitals, orphanages, and schools;
taught Native Americans how to read, write, and basic
math; the Church also allowed women new opportunities –
an education and work outside the home; example Sor
Juana Ines de la Cruz
Britain and British North America
–
1714, Queen Anne (last Stuart ruler) died without an heir to
the throne; the throne passed to her nearest relatives – the
Hanoverians; George I (German) comes to the throne; he
does not speak English nor does George II therefore they
appoint ministers to deal with parliament (prime minister);
Robert Walpole considered the first prime minister
–
The Cabinet was created to advise the king and help set
policies; 1757 William Pitt became the head of the cabinet; he
expanded the British Empire in the Seven Years War
–
The British colonies were supposedly run by the British Board
of Trade, The Royal Council, and Parliament, but colonies had
legislatures and tended to act independently.
QUEEN ANNE
ROBERT WALPOLE WILLIAM PITT
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
(GEORGE VS. GEORGE III)
VS.
The American Revolution
–
Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet Common Sense, called for the
colonist to declare independence from Britain.
–
After the Seven Years War, the British Parliament wanted to
impose taxes on the colonist to cover the cost of the war, and to
pay for maintaining military protection in the colonies.
–
1765: Parliament imposed the Stamp Act; opposition was
widespread – “No taxation without representation;”
act was repealed in 1766
– 1770: Five Protesters died in the
“Boston Massacre”
CRISPUS ATTUCKS
1773: Colonist staged the Boston
Tea Party to protest a tax on tea.
1774: First Continental Congress
met; colonist decided to “take up
arms and organize militias”
April 1775: War erupted between the colonies
and Britain.
May 1775: Second Continental Congress met:
formed the Continental Army led by George
Washington
Declared independence from
Britain; Thomas Jefferson writes
the document declaring independence
from Britain; based on the ideas of
John Locke
July 1776: Continental Congress
signed the Declaration of Independence.
1777: American victory at the
Battle of Saratoga convinced
France to join the American side.
French supplied
arms, money,
and sent officers
and soldiers to
serve in the army
SARATOGA
VALLEY FORGE
BLOODY FOOTPRINTS
VALLEY FORGE BATTLE
STRAGEGY
WASHINGTON PRAYS FOR HIS TROOPS
American losses were 673 killed and wounded and
about 400 taken prisoner. British losses were
approximately 533 killed and wounded.
Valley Forge
" . . . you might have tracked the army from White Marsh to Valley
Forge by the blood of their feet."
- George Washington
"An army of skeletons appeared before our eyes naked, starved,
sick and discouraged,"
- New York's Gouverneur Morris of the Continental Congress.
"The unfortunate soldiers were in want of everything; they had
neither coats nor hats, nor shirts, nor shoes. Their feet and
their legs froze until they were black, and it was often
necessary to amputate them."
- The Marquis de Lafayette
1781: British Army under the command of General
Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown to
American and French forces
1783: Treaty of Paris was signed which recognized
the independence of the United States of
America accepted America’s western frontier as
the Mississippi River
CORNWALLIS SURRENDERS AT
YORKTOWN
1787: Delegates wrote a new
Constitution for the United States.
 55 delegates met; became known
as the Constitutional Convention
Created a federal system; power would be shared
between the national government and state
governments
Created three branches of government; executive,
legislative and judicial; each being able to
checks the others power
Nine states would have to approve before the
Constitution would come into effect
1789: For states to adopt the Constitution, the Bill
of Rights was added.
HISTORIC WILLIAMSBURG
JAMESTOWN