Transcript A World at War WWI

A World at War
WWI- “The Great War”
7th grade World History
Background to the War
• European nations feared one another; nations
were afraid they would be invaded or another
nation might try to take over its territory
• Jealousy over
wealthy
colonies
increased
tension
between
nations.
Causes of WWI
•Militarism-building up armed forces and getting
ready for war.
•Alliances- agreements or promises to defend and
help another country.
•Imperialism- a nation’s attempt to gain control of
weaker nations.
•Nationalism- having extreme pride in one’s
country and being willing to defend it.
Imperialism
 European powers were going to all parts of the world to
gain land.ca,
The Pacific
By 1910, the most desirable colonies had been taken.
Germany envied France and Britain b/c they had the richest
colonies.
They soon realized that the only way to get land in Africa
was to take it away from the colonizers.
Imperialism
Nationalism
Nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany, and it
was tearing apart Austria-Hungary.
Ex: Austria-Hungary- Hungarians and German speaking
Austrians governed millions of Czechs, Slovaks, Poles Italians,
Romanians and Serbs.
These different groups wanted their own independent self
government and lands.
This often caused conflict within the nation itself.
Militarism
Building up a nation’s military for war and giving
them more power than the government. ance, Germany,
Great Britain, Russia
Spend large sums of money on new weapons and
warships.
All of these countries
were preparing
for war.
Alliances
• ALLIANCES: All European powers were terrified of finding
themselves isolated and without allies in case of attack,
so they formed and held tight to their alliances.
EVENTS OF WORLD WAR I
• On July 28th, 1914, heir to the throne Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary along with his wife Sophia
was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist while traveling in a
car while in Sarajevo which is the modern day capital of
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Balkans Region
• Sarajevo is in the Balkans Region located in
southeastern Europe which has had a long history of
conflict.
http://wikitravel.org/upload/shared//7/
7f/Balkans_regions_map.png
“Powder Keg”
• This region was called a
“powder keg” because of
growing nationalism in the
nations in the region and
overlapping claims to land
in the Balkans from places
like Russia and AustriaHungary.
BALKANS
http://trendauthority.net/powder-keg-in-the-middle-east.shtml
BOOM!
• Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination was the spark
needed to ignite World War I
http://sipseystreetirregulars.blogspot.com/2010/03/assassination-redux.html
http://www.rgbstock.com/photo/mhYjrMw/Spark+pictogram+5
WORLD WAR I BEGINS!
• Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated because the
Serbians believed this would further weaken an
unstable Austria-Hungary.
• Austria-Hungary believed that the Serbian
military/government was responsible for the
assassination.
• As a result, Austria-Hungary backed with the
support of the Germans declares war on Serbia on
July 28th, 1914.
WORLD WAR I BEGINS!
An Alliance Chain Reaction
• On August 3rd, Germany declared war on France and
invades Belgium. By invading Belgium, it causes Great
Britain to get involved in the conflict as well.
• By August 4th 1914, all out war breaks out with the
British declaring war on the Germans.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany
http://www.dipity.com/westcivc/Chapter-13/
http://www.mapsofworld.com/flags/france-flag.html
FIGHTING WORLD WAR I
• Characterized by trench warfare – warfare in which
the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a
system of trenches protected by barbed wire
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/110333/A-British-soldier-inside-a-trench-on-the-WesternFront
http://youwishyouwerecrystal.wordpress.com/trench-warfare-weapons-of-world-war-one/
What was life really like in the
trenches?
The Call
By: Jesse Pope
Who's for the trench-Are you, my laddie?
Who'll follow French-Will you, my laddie?
Who's fretting to begin,
Who's going out to win?
And who wants to save his skin-Do you, my laddie?
Who's for the khaki suit-Are you, my laddie?
Who longs to charge and shoot-Do you, my laddie?
Who's keen on getting fit,
Who means to show his grit,
And who'd rather wait a bit-Would you, my laddie?
Who'll earn the Empire's
thanks-Will you, my laddie?
Who'll swell the victor's ranks-Will you, my laddie?
When that procession comes,
Banners and rolling drums-Who'll stand and bite his
thumbs-Will you, my laddie?
WWI Weapons
Machine gun
Tank
Airplane
Poison gas / chemical weapons
Subs (Invented in Revolutionary War)
Radios
Developments in Military Technology
 World War I marked by new
developments in military
technology
 Development of flamethrowers
to use on trenches and fox holes
 Artillery shells filled with
poisonous gas that caused burns
and horrible deaths for both
soldiers and civilians down wind
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/09/first-world-war-ypres-gas-germany
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/ww-aerial-gas.htm
Tanks
• Brits introduce in Sept 1916
• Means to cross No Man’s Land w/ protection
• Employed piecemeal to be decisive
• Unreliable and slow (3 miles/hr)
Improved by the end of WWI
Developments in Military Technology
Aircraft become important in the war – airplanes used
bombs and machine guns to kill enemies
Germans developed zeppelins – rigid, cigar- shaped
balloon designed to carry passengers and bombs –
used to bomb civilian areas in England
http://historyonthenet.com/W
W1/zeppelin_raids.htm
http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blywwi17.htm
Aviation
• Used for reconnaissance/spotting
• Wireless communication critical
development in spotting
• Arial combat
• Troops don’t like planes
• Drop bombs on railways,
intersections, factories, etc.
• Dogfights
Von Richthofen
“Red Baron”Most
famous dogfighter
of WWI. Shot down
80 planes before
shot down himself.
Submarines
Germans announce submarine blockade
Part physical, part psychological weapon
Draws resources from offensive operations
Civilian control of production
 Gap = protection for merchant ships?
The Leaders
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Kaiser Wilhelm II
David Lloyd George
(Germany)
Franz Joseph I
(Austria-Hungary)
Vittorio Orlando
(Italy
(England)
Raymond Poincare
(France)
Czar Nicholas II
(Russia
A WAR OF FRONTS
 Germany fought World
War I on two fronts –
regions where the war was
being fought
Fought against France on
west front – stuck in a
stalemate – a wartime
condition in which two
opposing forces have no
major gains on either side.
Fought against Russia on
east front – Germany
eventually ended this
threat
http://www.gojiman.netai.net/ww1.htm
WWI War Goals
France
regain Alasace/Lorraine, Saar Basin (coal region)
create a DMZ (Rhineland) as a buffer
cripple Germany’s military
get German & Turkish colonies in Africa & Mid-East
Great Britain
get German & Turkish colonies in Africa & Mid-East
Italy
wanted land from Austria-Hungary
WWI War Goals
Russia
wanted control of the Dardenelle & Bosporus Straits
Austria-Hungary
self preservation
Germany
part of France, Luxembourg, Belgium, western
Russia
A-H and the Balkans as a “sphere of influence”
take over French and British colonies in Africa
United States
win an end the war
Wilson’s 14 Points
Major Battles
Battle
Battle
Battle
Battle
Battle
Battle
of the Marne, 1914, 1918
of Ypres, 1914, 1915, 1917
of Verdun, 1916
of the Somme, 1916
of Cambrai, 1917
for Belleau Wood, 1918
Battles of the Marne
Battle that stopped German advance
1914- German army advancing through Belgium and northern
France
n a strategic triumph at the First Battle of the Marne, which
ended on 10 September, the French forces - assisted by the
British - had succeeded in throwing back the German
offensive, recapturing lost ground in the process. More
importantly, the battle ended any hopes the Germans had of
effectively bringing the war on the Western Front to an early
close.
1918- Germans pushing again. The four years in between had
cost hundreds of thousands of lives
Armies were still exactly where they were when they started.
Battles of Ypres
(E-Pray)
1914- attempt by the British to stop the
advances of Germans
1915- First use of poison gas
1917- Over-ambitious aims, bad weather,
and bad judgments led to horrific losses.
Total casualties: over 250,000
TWO IMPORTANT BATTLES
BATTLE OF VERDUN
 Fought between French and Germans
on Western front from February to
December 1916
Longest battle and one of bloodiest
battles of World War I and one of the
most devastating of human history
First recorded use of flamethrower
by German forces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg
TWO IMPORTANT BATTLES
Occurred at French city of Verdun which was a fortress city –
Germans wanted to break the French line and get closer to Paris
Germans were unsuccessful as French successfully defended
the city
550,000 deaths on French side and 450,000 deaths on German
side
http://ushistoryclassroom.blogspot.com/2012/02/fighting-war-land.html
TWO IMPORTANT BATTLES
 Battle of the Somme – Fought between French/British and
Germans on Western front from July to November 1916
One of bloodiest battles in recorded history
Debut of tank on battlefield
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg
http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/9912378/image/85879069-british-soldiers-in-the-trenches-during-the-battle-of-somme-in-1916
TWO IMPORTANT BATTLES
A young corporal named Adolf Hitler was among the German
troops in this battle
The Somme was an important region for both sides – Germans
wanted it as a defensive front and Allies wanted to regain lost
ground
First day of battle cost the Allies 60,000 troops as they had to fight
uphill in the mud with the Germans looking down at them from
above where they had held control of the region for a while
http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-hitlere.html
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/legacygallery/gallery-8109/Unseen-pictures-Battle-Somme.html
An excited Hitler as Germany
declares war in Munich
TWO IMPORTANT BATTLES
 Took pressure off of troops at Battle of Verdun and pushed
Germans back – Germans lost 650,000 troops in this battle and
never fully recovered from this blow to their army
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Somme_film_image1.jpg
http://media.iwm.org.uk/iwm/mediaLib/8/media-8266/large.jpg?action=d
Battle of Cambrai
(Comebray)
• Nov/Dec 1917
• First full-scale offensive with the tank
• 476 British tanks charge towards German lines assisted by
an artillery rolling barrage that gave them cover from a
German counter-attack. The bulk of the initial attack went
well. The 62nd Division (West Riding) covered more than
five miles in this attack from their starting point. Compared
to the gains made at battles like the Somme and Verdun,
such a distance was astonishing.
• Success surprised both sides
• British were not prepared for the victory, and as a result
failed to capitalize on their gains. The Germans are able to
launch a counter-attack and defend Cambrai
American Response
Some felt personally involved b/c 92 million were
immigrants or children of immigrants.
Germans and Irish for Central Powers
Most Americans for Allies
Wilson wanted Americans to remain neutral.
American Opinions
3 groups
Isolationists- Stay out of war
Interventionists- U.S. should intervene on side of Allies
Internationalists- Get involved only to solve the problem and
promote peace.
Britain Blockades Germany
Britain blockades Germany for its contraband.
Later Britain took all of the goods that were supposed
to go into Germany. (Food, cotton, medicine, gasoline)
German response = blockade of Britain
German Submarine Warfare
U-Boats- Britain and Germany competed to build the
largest and strongest navy.
Germany blockaded Britain by navy.
Propaganda used by Britain to sway U.S. opinion.
Lusitania- 128 Americans killed
Germany agreed to stop blowing up passenger ships.
March 24,1916 Sussex was sunk by Germans
Killed 2 Americans
Sussex Pledge- Germans would warn ships before
they sank them.
Wilson authorized banks to make a huge loan to the
Allies.
•May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the
Lusitania which was British passenger liner.
•Germans believed it was carrying
contraband (weapons) to the British.
•Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans.
•U.S. and other countries outraged towards
Germany because of “unrestricted submarine
warfare”.
•US believed the Germans had violated
international law of targeting civilians
warzone
America Enters the War
Jan. 31, 1917 Germany informs U.S. that the Sussex
pledge would be ended.
Feb. 3 U.S. cuts off diplomatic ties with Germany.
Zimmerman Note- Germany promises lost land to
Mexico if they declare war on U.S.
zimmerman cartoon
Battle for Belleau Wood
(Below Wood) “Beautiful Water”
First US Marines in WWI combat - 4 June 1918
5 June 1918 Marines assist French forces
Retreating Frenchman advise Marines to retreat.
Capt Lloyd Williams replies “Retreat, heck. We just
got here.”
Marines pick off Germans at 800 yards
200 yds considered far to Germans
26 June US victory
Devil Dog
Title given Marines by Germans “Teufel Hunden”
Armistice to end the war
 By November 11, 1918, an armistice (agreement to stop
fighting) was signed between the Allied and Central Powers
which ended the fighting and World War One officially ends.
http://www.leadertelegram.com/blogs/tom_giffey/article_56d6e29c-0a61-11e1-9018001cc4c002e0.html?mode=image&photo=0
http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=world-war-i_17
LOSSES OF WORLD WAR I
 By the end of the war, it is estimated that more than
nine million soldiers and 13 million civilians had died;
Europe lost an entire generation of men
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_gun_world_war_I.jpg
Casualties
Great Britain 1,000,000
France 1,300,000
Russia 1,700,000
Germany and allies 3,500,000
America 50,000
At least 5,500 people died per day during
the War
EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I
• After WWI, in 1919, the Allied Powers (except for Russia
who was not allowed to attend) in addition to
representatives from 30 other nations met at the Paris
Peace Conference to try and find a way to have lasting
peace throughout the world.
http://www.ctevans.net/Versailles/Menu.html
EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I
• After six months of negotiations, the Treaty of
Versailles, a peace treaty, was created.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Treaty_of_Versailles_Signing%2C_Hall_of_Mirror
s.jpg
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/versailles.htm
EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I
 While other Central Power countries were dealt with through
other treaties, the Germans were forced to sign the Treaty of
Versailles.
Essentially, the treaty placed the brunt of the blame for
WWI on Germany
This treaty forced the Germans to not only limit the size
and scope of their military forces; it also required them
to pay reparations (monetary settlement) for the
damages they caused to the Allied Powers. The Germans
were to pay roughly 400 billion dollars in today’s money
in war reparations.