Transcript File - Mrs. Ward World History

WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
BITTER PEACE
The Treaty Of Versailles
Essential Question:
What were the terms
of the Treaty of
Versailles that ended
World War I?
World War I was
On November 11, 1918,
fought between the Allies the German government
and Central Powers from agreed to an armistice,
1914 to 1918
and the war ended
THE BLOODY COST
WOUNDED SOLDIERS RETURN FROM THE FRONT
World War I was the
largest, deadliest,
and most destructive war
the world had yet seen
8.5 million soldiers
and 13 million
civilians died as a
result of the war
21 million soldiers were
wounded during the war
THE WOUNDED
Many of the
wounded soldiers
were maimed and
suffered crippling
injuries
A combat nurse writes a letter for a wounded soldier
SOLDIERS BLINDED BY POISON GAS
STAGGERING AMOUNT OF DEATH
To put this in proper perspective…
In the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. has lost
over 5000 soldiers over the last decade or so
In World War I, the Allies alone lost an average of 3500
SOLDIERS PER DAY in just over four years of war
THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
GENOCIDE is intent to destroy a national,
ethnic, racial, or religious group
During the war, the Turks of the Ottoman
Empire blamed some of their wartime losses
on a group of people living in its borders
called the Armenians
The Turks used the war as an excuse to
commit genocide against the Christian
Armenians, a group of people the Muslim
Turks had hated for a long time
THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
The Turks
exterminated
possibly as many
as ONE MILLION
Armenian men,
women, and
children
ARMENIAN WOMAN AND HER
CHILDREN MARCHING TO THEIR DEATHS
Germany and Turkey were allied in the war;
some German soldiers witnessed the systematic
way the Turks slaughtered the Armenians
Germany and Turkey were allied in the war;
some German soldiers witnessed the systematic
way the Turks slaughtered the Armenians
THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
ARMENIANS BEHEADED
BY TURKISH SOLDIERS
Some of these German soldiers would
later become Nazis during World War II
THE SCIENCE OF GENOCIDE
ARMENIANS BEHEADED
BY TURKISH SOLDIERS
These future Nazis learned the “science of
genocide” from the Turks and used similar methods
when carrying out the Holocaust against the Jews
Homes, farms, towns, and cities were
destroyed; the war cost a total of $338 billion
and most national treasuries were empty
THE DAMAGE DONE
FRENCH CITY OF VERDUN:
BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR
THE DAMAGE DONE
PALACE OF JUSTICE IN SENLIS:
BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR
THE DAMAGE DONE
RUINS OF THE CITY OF YPRES AFTER THE WAR
THE DAMAGE DONE
RUINS OF THE FRENCH VILLAGE OF VAUX
AND AS IF THAT WEREN’T ENOUGH…
At the end of 1918, as the world is still reeling
from the war, another disaster strikes; an
influenza epidemic spreads around the globe,
killing about 30 million people worldwide
In 1919, representatives
The conference was
from 32 nations attended the led by the “Big Four”:
Paris Peace Conference to
Britain, France, Italy,
write a treaty to end the war and the United States
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson
Italian Prime Minister
Vittorio Orlando
French Premier
George Clemenceau
British Prime Minister
David Lloyd George
Germany and none of the Central Powers were
allowed to attend; Russia (now led by Bolsheviks)
could not attend because of how they quit the war
Britain
andaFrance
Britain
and
France
wanted
Creating
treaty would
not be
easy
because
wanted
to weaken
accept full
the major
powers hadGermany
differentto
agendas
Germany so it could blame, pay reparations, and
never go to war again
lose all overseas colonies
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
disagreed the these harsh
punishments
for GermanyFrench Premier
British
Prime Minister
David
LloydWilson
Georgepresented
George Clemenceau
President
his
own Prime
peaceMinister
proposal known
Italian
U.S. President
as the Fourteen
Vittorio
Orlando Points
Woodrow Wilson
WILSON’S 14 POINTS
Wilson’s peace
plan (the 14
Points) was
meant to
prevent
international
problems from
starting another
war
THE 14 POINTS: AN OUTLINE FOR PEACE
1. An end to secret treaties
2. Freedom of the Seas
3. Free trade among nations
4. A reduction of all armies
& navies
5. End colonialism
6. Removal of German
troops from Russia
7. Removal of German
troops from Belgium
8. Removal of German
troops from France & the
return of Alsace-Lorraine
to France
9. Change in Italy’s borders
10. Self-government for
Austria-Hungary’s peoples
11. Removal of German troops
from the Balkans with
Serbia gaining access to the
sea
12. Independence for Turkey
Giving those under Turkish
rule the ability to rule
themselves
13. Independence for Poland
14. Creation of The League of
Nations
President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 1918
POINTS 1-5: Wilson hoped to eliminate the causes
of WWI and called for an end to secret treaties
(alliances), freedom of the seas, eliminating
imperial colonies, and reducing national militaries
POINTS 6-13: Wilson suggested changing national
boundaries, creating new nations, and allowing
self-determination so that the people of each
nation could decide their own form of government
POINT 14: Wilson wanted a League of Nations…
…that would give all
nations an
opportunity to
work out their
grievances without
resorting to war
Wilson hoped that a
League of Nations
could peacefully
negotiate solutions to
future conflicts
ALLIES DISAGREE
President Wilson favored “peace without
victory”, opposing severe punishment for the
defeated Central Powers
The other Allies, most notably France, wanted
revenge on the Central Powers, especially on
Germany; France suffered more damage than any
other country over the course of the Great War,
and wanted vengeance on Germany because of it
In the United States, isolationists wanted
America to stay out of other nations’ affairs
The bottom line result:
The Allies reject most of the 14 Points
Britain and France disagreed These compromises
with so many of the Fourteen led to an agreement
Points that Wilson had to
known as the Treaty
compromise
of Versailles
The major provisions of the Versailles Treaty included:
A League of Nations
The League covenant
that would serve as an
included an agreement
international organization
that all member
to keep peace among nations
nations would work
The League also included a together to stop future
Court of International Justice
acts of aggression
to settle disagreements
The terms of the treaty severely punished Germany
Germany
had to give
up land in
Europe and
all of its
overseas
colonies
Germany was forced to
sign the “war guilt”
clause, accepting all
blame for the war and
paying $33 billion in
reparations to the Allies
The German military was
reduced to 100,000 troops,
six warships, no submarines,
and could not manufacture
war equipment
Central Europe was
Land was taken from
redrawn to reduce the Germany to create Poland;
power of the Austro- the German-French border
Hungarian Empire
was demilitarized to avoid
a future invasion
In addition, the Treaty of Versailles
redrew the map of Europe and the Middle East
Several Slavic nations (such as Bosnia and Serbia)
combine to form one large new nation (Yugoslavia)
New nations were created from territories that
Russia gave up when it left the war early
The Ottoman Empire
was divided; Britain and
France gained mandates
in the Middle East
A mandate is
the authority
to administer
a country or
territory
The mandates
gave Britain
and France
control over
oil resources
in the Middle
East
CARVING NEW NATIONS FROM OLD EMPIRES
AUSTRIA
HUNGARY (two main parts of the AustroHungarian Empire are split up)
CZECHOSLOVAKIA (taken from Germany
and Austria-Hungary)
EAST PRUSSIA (a Germanic state now
separate from mainland Germany)
POLAND (free of Russia and Germany)
YUGOSLAVIA (a Slavic nation composed of
Serbia, Montenegro, and other Slavic
people like Croatians and Bosnians, who
are now free from Austria-Hungary)
CARVING NEW NATIONS FROM OLD EMPIRES
FINLAND (independent of Russia)
ESTONIA (independent of Russia)
LATVIA (independent of Russia)
LITHUANIA (independent of Germany)
IRELAND is now independent of Britain,
but…
NORTH IRELAND remains under British
control
The free city of DANZIG is created
BORDER CHANGES TO EXISTING COUNTRIES
In war, there are
winners and losers
The winners expanded
their borders while the
losers lost land
ITALY, ROMANIA,
GREECE, and DENMARK
expand their borders
TURKEY, BULGARIA,
GERMANY, and RUSSIA
lose territory
Norway
Sweden
NORTH
SEA
Ireland
Denmark
Russia
Great Britain
Netherlands
Belgium
Germany
Luxembourg
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
France
Austria-Hungary
Switzerland
Romania
Serbia
Portugal
Spain
Italy
Montenegro
Albania
Greece
Sicily
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
BLACK SEA
Bulgaria
Turkey/Ottoman Empire
Finland
Norway
North Ireland
Sweden
NORTH
SEA Denmark
Ireland
Great
Britain
Estonia
Latvia
BALTIC
SEA Lithuania
East Prussia
Netherlands
Belgium
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Germany
Lux
France
Switz.
Danzig Poland
Czechoslovakia
Austria Hungary
Romania
BLACK SEA
Yugoslavia
Portugal
Spain
U.S.S.R.
Bulgaria
Italy
Albania
Greece
Sicily
MEDITERRANEAN
SEA
Turkey
On June 28, 1919, Germany and the major
Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles and
World War I officially came to an end
Most nations
celebrated the
official end of the
Great War
Germans protested the harsh
terms and resented their own
government for giving in and
signing the treaty
“Down with the
brutal peace!”
PLANTING THE SEEDS
Winston Churchill, Britain’s
future Prime Minister,
predicted that the harsh
terms against Germany
would cause conflicts in
the future. He called the
Treaty of Versailles
“monstrous” for its
harshness on Germany.
In the United States, reactions to the
Treaty of Versailles were mixed
According to the
U.S. Constitution, only
the Senate can
approve treaties
Many Senators feared
that signing the treaty
and joining the League
would force America to
become involved in
future foreign wars
As a result, the United
States never signed the
treaty nor joined the
League of Nations
Members of the League of Nations (shaded)
World War I was the largest war the world had yet seen
and it changed the way future wars were fought
Nations used “total war”
tactics to commit all their
resources to winning;
they also drafted
soldiers, rationed, and
used propaganda
New war technologies
increased the rates of
death and destruction to
unprecedented levels
The war changed
expectations for women
and led to voting rights for
women in many nations
World War I was the largest war the world had yet seen
and it changed the way future wars were fought
22 million soldiers and
civilians died in the
war: an entire
generation of
Europeans was killed
The physical damage
to Europe was
enormous
War devastated
Europe’s economy;
nations had little
money to rebuild and
few jobs to offer
citizens
The terms of the Versailles Treaty caused problems
and bitterness in many nations, especially Germany
The Treaty of Versailles
was said to be a “peace built
on quicksand”
The treaty did not address
the M.A.I.N. causes of WWI
The League of Nations did
not include the USA; League
leaders would do anything
to avoid another war
High unemployment and
desire for revenge would
lead to aggressive dictators
in the 1920s and 1930s
DO YOU RECOGNIZE THIS MAN?
CORPORAL ADOLF HITLER
Adolf Hitler, who was
from Austria, was a
soldier for Germany in
the Great War. He
earned medals for
bravery. Hitler was
temporarily blinded by
poison gas and was
recovering in a
hospital when news of
Germany’s defeat
reached him.
GERMANY’S HUMILIATION GUARANTEES
FUTURE CONFLICT
In his autobiography, Mein Kampf,
Hitler wrote about hearing of
Germany’s defeat:
“The burning in my eyes
could not match the hate
burning in my heart. From
that moment, I knew I should
enter politics.”
THE SEEDS ARE SOWN
FOR AN EVEN
BLOODIER CONFLICT
WORLD WAR I and WORLD WAR II:
THE SAME WAR?
 World War I was definitely not “The War To
End All Wars”
 The way this war ended guaranteed a
future conflict
 Only 21 years after World War I ended,
World War II would begin
 Many historians consider WWI and WWII to
be the same war, but with an “intermission”
 World War II would far surpass World War I
in terms of death and destruction

Created by Christopher
Jaskowiak
Thanks to Brooks Baggett for some of the slides
Thanks to Professor Daniel Blum of Buffalo State
College for his excellent teaching of the course,
20th Century Europe