Transcript Ch. 14 - 15 First Global Age Notes

The First Global Age:
1400-1800
Part I- Europe and Asia
(Chapter 14)
Why Did Europeans Cross the Seas?
► As
Europe’s population recovered from the Black
Death, the demand for trade goods grew.
► People wanted spices like cinnamon, cloves,
nutmeg and pepper to use in medicines, perfumes
and preserving.
► Spices were as valuable as gold, pepper sold for
as much as $125 (today same amount sells for
$4).
► Merchants wanted to gain direct access to the
riches of Asia.
► Some still wanted to crusade against the Muslims.
► Others were inspired by the Renaissance spirit to
learn about distant lands.
Early Voyages of European Exploration
1487–1609
Tools of Ocean Navigation
Astrolabe
► This device was used to measure the angles of the
sun and stars above the horizon. It was difficult to
use accurately in rough seas.
Cartographer
► Mapmakers created more
accurate maps and sea charts.
Caravel
► This ship combined the square sails of
European vessels with triangular sails of
Arab vessels.
► The
new rigging made it easier to sail
across and in to the wind.
► Cannons
added.
were
Portugal’s Voyages to the East
► Portugal
led the way in exploration.
► Prince
Henry the Navigator sent ships to
explore the western coast of Africa.
► He
hoped to spread Christianity and find the
source of African gold.
► After
Henry’s death- in 1488, Bartholomeu
Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa,
later called the Cape of Good Hope.
Portuguese in India
► In
1497, Vasco da Gama
led four ships around the
Cape of Good Hope.
► After
a 10-month voyage,
they finally reached the great
spice port of Calicut on the west
coast of India.
► The
Portuguese seized key
ports around the Indian Ocean
to create a vast trading empire.
The Long Voyage Home
► Many
of Vasco da Gama’s sailors died of hunger,
thirst, and scurvy, a disease caused by a lack of
vitamin C in their diets during months at sea.
► The
venture proved highly
profitable to the survivors.
► The
cargo of spices acquired in Calcut sold at a
profit of 3,000%.
Columbus Travels West
Spain Backs Columbus
► 1492-
Columbus tried to reach
the Indies, in Southeast Asia,
by sailing west across the Atlantic.
► He
found a route to continents previously
unknown to Europeans. They mistakenly call
it the “West Indies”.
► When
Columbus returned, Spain and
Portugal both rushed to claim the lands
Columbus had explored.
The Pope settles disputes between Spain and Portugal
by setting a Line of Demarcation, giving to Spain rights
to any land west of the line and to Portugal, rights to
any land east of the line.
Spain
Portugal
Exploring the Americas
► Europeans
continued to seek new routes
around or through the Americas.
► Balboa
discovered a passage through
Panama to an ocean which he called the
“South Sea” (was the Pacific Ocean).
► Cabot
discovered Newfoundland in his
unsuccessful quest to find a northwest
passage to Asia.
► Cartier
explored the St. Lawrence River for
France.
Hudson explored
what would become
known as the Hudson
River for the English.
►
Around the World
Around the World
►
Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage around the worldnaming the Pacific (peaceful) Ocean which was much
wider than he imagined.
►
It took four months to cross the Pacific, in March 1521, the
fleet reached the Philippines. There, Magellan was killed
when he got involved in a local conflict.
►
After three years at sea, only one ship and 18 sailors
completed the voyage.
►
The Spanish hailed them as the first people to
circumnavigate, or sail around, the world.
Circumnavigating the World
“We remained 3 months and 20 days without taking in provisions or other
refreshments and ate only old biscuit reduced to powder, full of grubs and stinking
from the dirt which rats had made on it. We drank water that was yellow and
stinking. We also ate the ox hides from under the mainyard which we softened by
soaking in seawater for several days.”
—Journal of Antonio Pigafetta
Empires and Kingdoms of Southeast Asia
Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia
► The
blend of Indian influences with local
cultures produced a series of kingdoms and
empires in Southeast Asia.
► The
geography of Southeast Asia is made
up of mainland and more than 20,000
islands.
► Monsoons
shaped trading patterns.
Portuguese and Dutch Trading Empires
► Portugal
used firepower to win control of
the rich Indian Ocean spice trade.
► In
less than 50 years, the Portuguese had
built a trading empire with military and
merchant outposts rimming the southern
seas.
► Despite
their sea power, the Portuguese
were not strong enough to conquer much
territory on land.
► The
Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge
Portuguese domination in Asia.
► They
set up colonies and trading posts around the
world.
► The
Dutch East India Company seized ports from
the Portuguese.
► Soon
after, they were able to enforce a monopoly
in the Spice Islands, controlling shipments to
Europe as well as much of the trade within
Southeast Asia.
Spain and the Philippines
In 1521, Magellan had claimed
the Philippines for Spain.
►
Spain conquered and colonized
the islands.
►
The Filipinos were not united.
As a result, they were easily
conquered.
►
The Philippines became
a key link to Spain’s overseas
trading empire.
►
►
The Spanish shipped silver mined in Mexico and Peru
across the Pacific to the Philippines. From there, they used
the silver to buy goods in China.
Mughal India and European Traders
Before the 1700’s,
the Mughal empire was larger,
richer, and more powerful than
any kingdom in Europe.
►
European merchants were
dazzled by India, the sophisticated
Mughal civilization was unimpressed
by the Europeans.
►
►
In the early 1700’s, the Mughal central government
collapsed, French and English traders battled each other
for control of India.
►
The British East India Company used an army of British
troops and sepoys to drive the French out.
European Trade With China
►
The Europeans who reached Asia in the 1500’s were very
impressed by what they saw.
►
The Chinese, however, saw the Europeans as “southern
barbarians,” lacking civilized ways.
►
The Ming dynasty had ended overseas exploration in the
mid-1400’s.
►
Portuguese traders reached China by sea in 1514. The
Ming eventually allowed them a trading post.
►
Because they were uninterested in European trading
products, the Ming demanded payment for Chinese goods
in gold or silver.
► Several
Korea and Isolation
events led Korea to turn inward for a
period of about 250 years.
► As
in China, the low status of merchants in
Confucianism led Koreans to look down on foreign
trade.
► In
the 1590’s, a Japanese invasion devastated the
land of Korea.
► In
1636, the Manchu Dynasty conquered Korea
before overrunning China. Korea was forced to
become a tributary state to the Manchu’s Dynasty.
Japan and Foreign Traders
► At
first Japan welcomed western traders and
acquired western firearms and built castles modeled
on the European design.
► The
Tokugawa Shoguns grew hostile toward
foreigners, saw the foreigners as agents of an
invading force.
► Shoguns
suspected that Japanese Christians were
loyal to the pope, rather than to Japanese leaders.
► By
1638, the Tokugawa Shogun had barred all
western merchants and forbidden Japanese to travel
abroad. They also ended foreign trade.
The Golden Age of Exploration
The First Global Age:
Part IIEurope, The Americas, and Africa
(Chapter 15)
Conquest in the Americas
First Encounters
► When Columbus landed in the “West Indies” he encountered natives, who were friendly and
generous toward the Spanish.
► Spanish conquistadors followed and settled on
Caribbean islands, seized gold from the natives,
and forced them to convert to Christianity.
► Meanwhile, smallpox, measles and influenza
carried by the Europeans wiped out village after
native village. Native Americans had no
immunity, or resistance, to such diseases.
Cortés in Mexico
► Cortés
landed on the Mexican coast in 1519.
► He
arranged alliances with natives who hated
their Aztec conquerors.
► The
Aztec emperor thought Cortés might be a
god and offered tribute to Cortés- welcomed him
to Tenochtitlán.
► When
relations grew strained, the Aztecs
drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlán.
► In
1521, Cortés returned and captured and
demolished Tenochtitlán.
Pizzaro in Peru
► Francisco
Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, just
after the conclusion of a bloody Inca civil war.
► Helped
by native allies,
Pizarro captured the new
king and killed thousands
of his followers.
► The
Spanish then overran
the Incan lands.
Why Were the Spanish Victorious?
► Had
superior military technology, such as
muskets, cannons, and armor
► Used horses, which frightened some Indians,
who had never seen such animals
► Took advantage of division and discontent
among the natives- who provided the Spanish
with much of their fighting power
► Disease brought by the Europeans weakened
the Aztecs and Incas
► Many natives believed that the disasters they
suffered marked the end of the world
Land Claims in the Americas
►
By 1675, Spain, France, Britain, and Portugal possessed sizable
overseas empires. Trade ships carried goods between Europe and the
Americas and Africa.
Spanish Colonies in the Americas
Ruling the Spanish Empire:
In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire
stretching from California to South America.
The Government
► Spain was determined to maintain strict control
over the new parts of the empire.
► The
empire was divided into five provinces, each
of which was ruled by a viceroy, a
representative ruling in the king’s name.
The Catholic Church
► Church
worked with the government to
convert Native Americans to Christianity
► Church
leaders often
served as royal officials
► Spanish
missionaries forcibly imposed
European culture over Native American
culture
The Economy
► The
Spanish grew sugar cane, on plantationsrequired large numbers of workers
► At
first- Spanish were granted encomiendas, the
right to force Native Americans to work under
brutal conditions including disease and
starvation
► Native
killed
► Later-
Americans who refused to work were
began shipping slaves from Africa to do
their work
Colonial Society
In Spanish America, the mix of diverse
people gave rise to a new social structure:
►
Peninsulares- people born in Spain, were at the top of
society.
►
Creoles- American-born descendents of Spanish settlers,
were next.
►
Mestizos- were people of Native American and European
descent.
►
Mulattoes- were people of African and European descent.
►
Native Americans and people of African descent formed the
lowest social classes.
Colonial Culture
► Cities
were centers of government,
commerce, and culture
► Built
universities
► Spanish
culture was dominant -slowly the
blending of diverse cultures changed the
Americas
Challenging Spanish Power
► Smugglers
colonists.
traded illegally with Spanish
► Privateers
or pirates preyed on Spanish
ships- some even operated with the
approval of European governments.
► Other
European countries hunted for other
gold empires and for a northwest passage
to Asia.
Struggle for North America
Land Claims
in the
Americas
About 1750
New France
► The
French did not build permanent
settlements until 1608.
► Helped
by Native American allies, French
explorers and fur traders traveled inland,
claiming vast territory.
► The
harsh Canadian climate attracted few
peasants- the population of New France
grew slowly.
The 13 English Colonies
► In
the 1600s and 1700s, the English
established 13 colonies in North America.
► Virginia
and New York
were commercial ventures.
► Massachusetts,
Pennsylvania, and Maryland
were set up for persecuted
religious groups.
The Evolution of Traditions of Government
► Pilgrims
signed the
Mayflower Compactan early step toward
self-government.
► Each
colony had its own
representative assembly
elected by propertied men.
► The
tradition of representative assemblies grew
out of the English experience.
Competition for Power
► By
the 1600s, Spain, France, and Britain
were competing for colonies and trade
around the world.
► Settlers
claimed more and more North
American land- Native Americans were
pushed westward.
Turbulent Centuries in Africa
►
The Atlantic slave trade was started in the 1500s to fill
the need for labor in the “New World”.
►
Tens of thousands of enslaved Africans were shipped
across the Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar
plantations in the Americas.
►
Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to seize
captives in the interior and bring them to coastal trade
posts and fortresses.
►
The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves
increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury
goods increased in Africa.
Triangular Trade
► The
Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a
three-legged trade network know as the
triangular trade.
► On
the first leg, merchant ships brought goods
to Africa from Europe to be traded for slaves.
► On
the second leg, known as the Middle
Passage, the slaves were transported to the
West Indies. There, the enslaved Africans were
exchanged for sugar, molasses, and other
products.
► On
the final leg, these products were shipped to
Europe or European colonies in the Americas.
Triangular Trade
Trade Goods
Destinations of Enslaved
Africans, 1500–1870
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
►
By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans
had reached the Americas
►
Another 2 million probably died during the Middle
Passage
►
The slave trade caused the decline of some African
states, some small states disappeared forever
►
New African states arose whose way of life depended on
the slave trade
►
Rulers of these new states waged war against other
Africans in order to gain control of the slave trade in
their region
The Columbian Exchange
► When
Columbus returned to Spain in 1493, he
brought with him “new” plants and animals.
► He
returned to the Americas with some 1,200
settlers and a collection of European animals
and plants.
► Columbus
began a vast global exchange that
would have a profound effect on the world.
The Columbian Exchange
A Commercial Revolution
►
Direct links with Asia, Africa, and the Americas had great
economic consequences for Europeans
►
Prices began to rise in Europe- the cycle of inflation
European inflation had several causes:
► As the population grew, the demand for goods and
services rose.
►
Because goods were scarce, sellers could raise their
prices.
►
The increased flow of gold and silver from the Americas
led to more money in circulation.
► Expanded
trade and the push for overseas
empires increased the growth of European
capitalism, the investment of money to
make a profit.
► Entrepreneurs
and capitalists made up a
new business class.
Mercantilism
► Aimed
at strengthening national economies
► Real
wealth was measured in its gold and
silver treasure
►A
nation must export
more goods than it imports
► Colonies
existed for the benefit of the
parent nation
European governments:
►
passed strict laws regulating trade with
their colonies
►
exploited natural resources
►
imposed tariffs on imported goods
How Did Economic Changes Affect Europeans?
► Merchants-
invested in overseas ventures to
acquired wealth
► Nobles-
wealth was in land, hurt by the price
revolution
► Workers-
in towns and cities faced poverty,
wages did not keep up with inflation
► Peasants► There
not affected until centuries later
were great differences in wealth and
power in the cities