Transcript Giesler Africa - weknowourhistory

Mr. Giesler
Global 1
Africa
What I know
about Africa
What I want to learn
About Africa
What I learned
about Africa
In The News Today
Climate: As many would like to believe the continent of Africa is not all
about thick jungles.
Do Now/ TTYN: Examine the map provided in your notes packet,
identify the variety of features that occupy 1/5 of all Earth’s land surfaceAfrica.
Movement: As we have already learned, the movement of people and
goods has a definite impact of the development of civilizations.
Do Now/ TTYN: Referring again to your notes packet, identify how
geography has affected the development of the continent Africa. Be sure
to identify specific geographical attributes such as mountains, rivers,
deserts, etc…
Natural Resources: Since ancient times, Africa’s mineral wealth has
spurred trade and has promoted Africa’s rich diversity.
Do Now: Explain in your own words
and in complete sentences how
Africa’s mineral wealth may have
contributed to Cultural Diffusion.
First Civilizations: Stone Age Cultures
Do Now: Describe the Neolithic Revolution
Similar to the first civilizations that we have already learned about,
Africa is no different - from Hunter and Gatherers to permanent villages
that eventually supported great civilizations.
The Sahara: Climate has and continues to impact Africa. The process
of desertification has slowly devoured thousands of acres of cropland each
year.
Who were the Bantu’s?
 The term Bantu refers to
group of people who speak
the same or similar
language with common
word “NTU” which means
a person.
 Bantu is the African root
language
•With the development of the iron blade,
reaping became easier for the bantu people
and agriculture took on a whole new meaning.
•Populations grew faster than before and people
were encroaching on each other's land.
Encroachment necessitated an enlargement of territory, which led to the
migration of African black tribes from the Great Lakes in central Africa, to the
south of Africa.
•Bantu Migration was one of the largest human migrations in history. A
linguistically related group of about 60 million people originating in west and
equatorial Africa, gradually migrating down the continent into southern
Africa
The history of the Kingdom of Kush, as this
monarchy is usually called, is traditionally
divided up into two main periods, named after
the two cities that, in turn, served as the royal
capital.
The earlier phase of the kingdom (ca. 900-ca.
295 b.c.) is termed the Napatan Period, because
the Nubian kings at this time ruled from
Napata. The later Meroitic Period (ca. 295 b.c.a.d. 320) is named for its capital site of Meroe
(pronounced Mer-ohway)
King Taharqa
King Taharqa - King of Kush or Cush and
Ancient Egypt 690-664 BCE, 36 years, the 4th
ruler of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt. Taharqa is
referred to as King of Ethiopia in the Bible.
For a century, Nubian kings like Taharqa ruled
Egypt ; however, Nubian armies could not
match the iron weapons of the Assyrians.
By 500 B.C.E., Nubian rulers moved
their capital to Meroe. They dominated
both the north and south Nile routes
and the east-west route from the Red
Sea.
Natural Resources: rich in iron ore.
The furnaces of Meroe produced iron
for tools and weapons. Archeologists
have discovered large quantities of iron
waste as evidence of the prosperous iron
industry of ancient Meroe.
The Camel Revolutionizes Trade:
Exported in from Asia by A.D. 200,
the camel revolutionized trade across
the Sahara.
Do Now/TTYN: In addition to
loads up to 500 pounds and often
traveling 20 to 30 miles per day,
camels also promoted what?
Senegal
By A.D. 100, villages were
expanding, especially along the
Senegal and Niger rivers and
around Lake Chad.
Niger
Do Now: If you were handed a 1oz gold bullion bar, what would you
trade it for.
Today’s approx. value $1,700
Two products that dominated the Saharan Trade Market were gold and
salt
Gold was plentiful in present-day Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal. Gold
was transported to the markets of North Africa. In return, West
Africans received an equally valuable commodity, salt.
As farming and trade flourished, cities developed on the northern edges of
the savanna. Consequently, strong monarchs gained control of the most
profitable trade routes.
In The News Today
Ousted dictator Moammar Khaddafy killed
Who? Momar Khaddafy, 4-Decade Dictator of Libya
What? Last thorn that prevented Libya’s Independence and path to a new form of government.
Why? Big Picture: “Arab Spring”
And this means what? Democracy???
Why Should I care? Will this this affect U.S. Foreign relations in the Middle East and in Africa? Positive or
Negative??
Is Syria Next??
“Lead from Behind”
In The News Today
 The Kingdom of Ghana is generally given the dates 9th to the 13th
century CE by historians.
 It marks the beginning of a series of empires in West Africa that were
involved in extensive commercial trade.
Some have called the Kingdom of Ghana the "land of gold, " an excellent
description since it was abounding in gold. The gold trade was largely
responsible for the development of Ghana into a powerful, centralized
kingdom.
 At the time of the Kingdom of Ghana, gold was traded for salt that
came down from the Sahara desert.
In addition to the gold trade, iron was also an important factor in the
development of these West African Kingdoms.
The use of iron to make tools and weapons helped some people to expand
their control over neighboring people. These changes called for new
forms of social organization, contributing to the development of
centralized, powerful empires.
The use of the horse and camel, along with iron, were important factors
in how rulers were able to incorporate small farmers and herders into
their empires.
The Ghanaian kings controlled the gold that was mined in their kingdom
and implemented a system of taxation for their people.
Around 1054, the Almoravid rulers came south to conquer the Kingdom
of Ghana and convert the people to Islam. The authority of the king
eventually diminished, which opened the way for the Kingdom of Mali
to begin to gain power.
Did you notice the relationship between Ghana and Mali?
What Do you see?
The Kingdom of Mali includes all of Ghana plus a lot more territory!
During its time, Mali was the second largest empire in the world only
after the Mongolian empire in Asia, which we will learn about in a few
weeks.
The dates that historians have designated for the Kingdom of Mali are
from the 13th to 15th centuries CE.
The Kingdom of Mali came to control the gold trade that the Kingdom of
Ghana had controlled before it, but it also expanded its trading in many
ways.
The Kingdom of Mali controlled the salt trade in the north and many
caravan trade routes. Additionally, it traded extensively with Egypt and
the copper mine areas to the east.
The founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Mali was Sundiata Keita.
We know about him through the writings of a 14th century North
African historian named Ibn Khaldun. Sundiata expanded the kingdom to
include the Kingdom of Ghana and West African gold fields.
The most celebrated king of Mali was Mansa Musa. We will examine the
life of Mansa Musa in greater detail shortly; however, a brief overview
tells us that Mansa Musa greatly extended Mali's territory and power
during his reign.
He made a name for himself in distant regions throughout the Muslim
world through his pilgrimage to Mecca, which is in present-day Saudi
Arabia. Sixty thousand people and eighty camels carrying 300 lbs. of gold
each accompanied him to Mecca.
Several great centers of Islamic learning were also established during the
Kingdom of Mali. Among them was the legendary Timbuktu.
Scholars came from all over the Muslim world to study at these places,
which have a long and rich history of learning in religion, mathematics,
music, law, and literature.
Although many people in Mali maintained their indigenous religions
during this time, Islam was becoming well established throughout the
kingdom.
Mansa Musa captured the attention of the Arab world when he left his
home in the West African kingdom of Mali to make a pilgrimage to
Mecca in 1324. Unlike his grandfather Sundiata, Mansa Musa was a devout
Muslim. He reigned from 1312 -1337
While Mansa Musa was devout, he was not an ascetic. His imperial
power was widely respected, and he was feared throughout Africa.
Demonstrating one’s submission before the king was very important.
People who greeted him had to kneel down and scatter dust over
themselves. “No one was allowed into the king’s presence with his
sandals on; negligence was punished by death. No one was allowed to
sneeze in the king’s presence, and when the king himself sneezed, those
present beat their breasts with their hands”
Highlights of Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa stood in a long tradition of West African kings who had
made pilgrimage to Makkah
Mansa Musa’s Hajj had a significant impact on the development of
Islam in Mali and on the perception of Mali throughout Africa and
Europe.
In Mali, Musa is known for building mosques and inviting Islamic
scholars from around the Muslim world to his empire
During his pilgrimage in 1324, Musa’s generosity nearly crippled
Egypt’s economy.
In The News Today
Who?
What?
Why?
And this means what?
Why Should I care?
Highlights of Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage boosted Islamic education in Mali by adding
mosques, libraries, and universities. The awareness of Musa by other Islamic
leaders brought increased commerce and scholars, poets, and artisans, making
Timbuktu one of the leading cities in the Islamic world during the time when
the most advanced nations from Spain to central India were
Muslim. Timbuktu was clearly the center of Islamic Sub-Saharan Africa.
Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca brought Mali to the attention of Europe. For the
next two centuries Italian, German, and Spanish cartographers produced
maps of the world which showed Mali and which often referenced Mansa
Musa. The first of these maps appeared in Italy in 1339 with Mansa Musa’s
name and likeness.
Do Now/ TTYN: Why is Mansa Musa so important to Ancient Africa
Take a look at the map of Africa's empires and kingdoms.
What do you notice about the kingdom of Songhay?
You will see that the Kingdom of Songhay encompassed part of the
Kingdom of Mali, as well as land beyond to the east and north.
The dates for the Kingdom of Songhay partly overlap those of Mali,
although the information that follows will reveal at what point Songhay
gained control over certain portions of the old Kingdom of Mali. The
dates for the Kingdom of Songhay are between 1350 and 1600 CE.
The first of two great rulers in the Kingdom of Songhay was Sonni Ali.
He came to power in 1464 CE and made the Songhay perhaps the most
powerful state in western/central Africa at the time. He seized Timbuktu
and Djenne, which had been parts of the Kingdom of Mali. These, as well
as the capital city of Gao, continued to be important centers of learning
and commerce.
Sonni Ali was not a devout Muslim himself, but was sympathetic to
indigenous religious practices. Most of all, he was concerned about his
own ambitions to build a great empire
Sonni Ali’s successor was Mohammed Askia, who came to power in 1493
CE.
Askia expanded the kingdom even further and set up an even more
advanced and strongly centralized government.
Developed a new system of laws, expanded the military, and encouraged
scholarship and learning. Unlike Sonni Ali, he was a devout Muslim,
who used the combination of Islam and commerce to build his kingdom.
Brought peace and stability to the kingdom during his reign.
The Kingdom of Songhay came to an end when the Moroccans invaded
and conquered them. By 1600 CE, the days of the great kingdoms of
West Africa were over.
Multiple Trajectories of Islam in Africa: Islam had already spread
into northern Africa by the mid-seventh century A.D.. The Arab
conquest of Spain and the push of Arab armies as far as the Indus River
culminated in an empire that stretched over three continents. Between the
eighth and ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, then African
clerics, began to spread the religion along the eastern coast of Africa and
to the western and central Sudan (literally, "Land of Black people"),
stimulating the development of urban communities.
Islam replaced Christianity as the dominant religion of North Africa, and
Arabic replaced Latin as its language.
The Maghrib underwent significant changes beginning in the 7th
century CE that led to a shift in its dominant religion to Islam.
Before this time, the population consisted of a mix of Christians, Jews,
and people practicing indigenous religions. Yet this began to change as
Arabs gained more and more power in the region.
The people living in the Maghrib at the time were called Berbers. Today
their descendents still live in this region of Africa, and the majority of
them follow Islam. During the period between the 7th century and 10th
century CE (overlapping with the early days of the Kingdom of Ghana),
Islam became accepted throughout this region. It remains the dominant
religion there up to this day. How did this significant change occur?
Arabs brought Islam to the Maghrib as they moved into the area. The
Arabs were a powerful political and military force in the region. At first,
there was pressure for Berbers to join the Arab military and adopt Islam
for reasons of political/economic advantage. However by the 8th
century, Berbers were ready to adopt Islam as well as Arabic culture.
The Berbers developed their own unique expression of Islam in a
doctrine called Kharidjism. This doctrine emphasized equality amongst
Muslims and criticized the ruling authority of the Arabs.
It became the Berber's ideology of struggle against Arab domination.
Their resistance was aimed not at Muslim Arabs, but specifically
targeted towards the ruling class.
Africa
What I know
about Africa
What I want to learn
About Africa
What I have learned
so far about Africa
Refer to your Notes Packet
TTYN
Fill in one connection or relationship between each of
the areas we have examined. You should write your
answers on each of the six lines provided below that
connect the four areas.
Europeans had been involved in trade with Africa since before the
Atlantic Slave Trade began.
Europeans had become involved in the gold and salt trade
Europeans were dependent on "middle-men" who would bring gold from
the Kingdoms of West Africa across the Sahara Desert. In the 1400s,
Prince Henry of Portugal began an initiative to seek out direct sea routes
to gain access to the gold trade in West Africa, as well as trade in Asia.
In the fifteenth century, European countries were seeking trade routes
with Asia, particularly the spice islands of south-east Asia.
What began as a quest for trade in gold and spices, ended up becoming a
trade network exporting African slaves, which would continue for more
than
400 years.
The first slaves brought to Portugal came in 1444 from Northern
Mauritania. From Mauritania, the Portuguese moved their way down the
western coast of Africa, establishing contact all the way down to the Cape
of Good Hope and around to the other side of Africa.
Through these contacts, the Portuguese initiated trade relations that grew
into the Atlantic Slave Trade. Portugal was the first of a number of
European nations who became involved in the Atlantic Slave Trade. The
Dutch, French, Spanish, and British soon followed in their footsteps.
Degree of human suffering that took place during the Atlantic Slave
Trade –
TTYN – Try to imagine the conditions that slaves endured
Slaves were kept living in abominable conditions in dungeon fortresses
along the coast of western Africa until the time that they were sent out to
sea on large boats headed for the Americas. Both the slave forts and slave
ships kept people in dark, dirty rooms with little to eat or drink and no
room to move. They were kept in chains and left to lie on their backs on
slave ships while crossing the Atlantic Ocean. This long and treacherous
journey has become known as the "Middle Passage."
Many historians estimate that as many as 20% died while crossing the
ocean, not to mention those who died in the slave forts while still in
Africa.
The Atlantic Slave Trade essentially worked like a triangle between
Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
Trade goods, such as guns and textiles were sent out of Europe and traded
in Africa for slaves.
The slaves were crammed into ships that crossed the Atlantic in order to
provide labor for large plantations in North and South America, which
were growing cotton, sugar cane, and tobacco. These regions of North and
South America were European colonies for much of the Atlantic Slave
trade and served to provide raw materials to Europe for manufacturing.
In The News Today
Who?
What?
Why?
And this means what?
Why Should I care?
Africa
What I know
about Africa
What I want to learn
About Africa
What I have learned
so far about Africa
Shaka –
King of the Zulu’s
1816-1828
Prior to his rule the Zulu’s consisted of numerous clans that were related but
disorganized.
Shaka was a mighty and fearsome warrior and united the clans into a single
powerful tribe.
He introduced a new system of military organization and revolutionized his
army’s weaponry and military tactics.
New armor ; much heavier and more deadly
Disciplined and close combat
To toughen his men, he discarded their leather sandals, having them
train and fight in bare feet.
Shaka's troops practiced by covering more than fifty miles in a fast trot
over hot, rocky terrain in a single day so that they could surprise the
enemy.
Young boys joined Shaka's force as apprentice warriors and served as
carriers of rations and extra weapons until they joined the main ranks.
 New
Fighting Strategies – The “Buffalo" formation. Four sections two "horns," the "chest," and the "loins" - formed the buffalo. During an
attack, the chest assaulted the enemy front, while the horns struck the
flanks to encircle the opponents. The loins remained in reserve, usually
facing away from the battle or waiting behind
Shaka began with only 350 warriors
For ten years Shaka continued to raid, destroy, and absorb clans and
tribes throughout southern Africa.
Zulu nation grew to a population of 250,000, with an army of more than
forty thousand warriors occupying territory of about 2 million square
miles, from Cape Colony in the south to modern Tanzania in the north.
An estimated 2 million of Shaka's enemies died during his decade of
power.
Boers vs. Zulus
Do Now:
Who were the Boers
Boer, a South African of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent.
Commonly referred to as Afrikaners
The stage is now set for confrontation. For years the Zulus have
been migrating into the South and at the same time, the Boers have
been settling in South Africa.
Prediction Time:
confrontation?
What are the possible outcomes of this
During the 1400s, the Portuguese
established a number
of trading outposts along the
coastline of Africa.
In the 1600s, the Dutch
established the Cape Town
settlement on the southwestern
tip of Africa. Many of these
early settlements were the
starting point of the African
Slave Trade
The Scramble is on
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
Settle how European countries would claim colonial land in Africa
and to avoid a war among European nations over African territory.
Must bring civilization, in the form of Christianity,
and trade to each region that it would occupy.
Established some occupying force on the ground
In 1870 roughly 80 percent of Africa south of the Sahara Desert was
governed by indigenous kings, chiefs, and other rulers. By 1910 nearly
this entire huge expanse had become European colonies or land, like
South Africa, controlled by white settlers.
Take up the White Man's
burden--Send forth the best ye
breed--Go bind your sons to
exile To serve your captives'
need; To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden-The savage wars of peace-Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hopes to nought.
Take up the White Man's
burden-In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden-No tawdry rule of kings,
But toil of serf and sweeper-The tale of common things.
The ports ye shall not enter,
The roads ye shall not tread,
Go mark them with your living,
And mark them with your dead.
Take up the White Man's burden-And reap his old reward:
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard-The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-"Why brought he us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?"
Take up the White Man's burden-Ye dare not stoop to less-Nor call too loud on Freedom
To cloke your weariness;
By all ye cry or whisper,
By all ye leave or do,
The silent, sullen peoples
Shall weigh your gods and you.
Take up the White Man's burden-Have done with childish days—
The lightly proferred laurel, The easy,
ungrudged praise. Comes now, to
search your manhood
Through all the thankless years Cold,
edged with dear-bought wisdom, The
judgment of your peers!
Rudyard Kipling
“The White Man's Burden”
1899
TTYN:
What is Kipling suggesting?
British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White
Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem,
Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and
other European nations. Published in the February, 1899, the poem coincided
with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification
of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under
American control. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then
president, copied the poem and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge,
commenting that it was “rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion
point of view.” Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The
racialized notion of the “White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for
imperialism, and many anti-imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to
the phrase.
TTYN:
What is Social Darwinism?
 Civilizing mission
 Survival of the fittest transcends to human societies and nations
 Superior to others
 Conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s
way of improving the human race.
The Congo and the Boer War
Group Work
Horrors in the Congo
The Boer War: Apartheid Begins
Refer to Notes Packet
Africa
What I know
about Africa
What I want to learn
About Africa
What I have learned
so far about Africa
French North Africa
After World War II, France faced growing nationalist movements in its
North African protectorates of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria.
Morocco and Tunisia
Independence
• Nationalist campaigns for
independence began to grow in
early, mid-1900s in both countries
• Algeria home to large French settler
population, was more important to
the French
• Attempts by France to crack down
on movements led to increasing
unrest, demonstrations, guerrilla
wars
• French government concluded it
could not fight guerrilla wars in
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia at same
time
• Meanwhile Algeria also struggling
for independence
• Negotiated with nationalist leaders
in Morocco, Tunisia
• 1956, both countries granted
independence
Algeria
Algeria
• 1830, France first took control of some areas in Algeria
• 1950s, more than 1 million European settlers in area, owned best land,
dominated economy, had grip on political power
National Liberation Front
• 1954, group of Algerian nationalists formed National Liberation Front (FLN)
• FLN began campaign of armed attacks against French targets
• French responded with mass arrests, raids on Muslim towns
Attacks on Settlers, Reprisals
• Next year FLN directly targeted French settlers; attacks killed more than 100
people in one city
• French forces, groups of settlers responded by attacking Muslims; between
1,200 and 12,000 Muslims killed in reprisal attacks
French Responses
Battle of Algiers
Change in Government
• Attacks set pattern for deadly war in
Algeria—FLN targeted French civilians,
French attacked Muslim population
• French settlers in Algiers increasingly
angry over perceived lack of support
from French government
• FLN launched campaign of bombings,
assassinations at civilians, military in
Algiers
• May 1958, French troops, mob of
settlers seized control in Algiers,
demanded change of government in
Paris
• French responded with harsh
counterterrorism campaign, torturing
suspected FLN members
• Summer 1957, FLN largely defeated, but
war not over
• Demands met; Charles de Gaulle
appointed prime minister in June 1958
• De Gaulle seen as strong supporter of
settlers of Algeria
NIGERIA’S Nationalist Movement
• Is home to many different ethnic groups. After the Berlin Conference
Great Britain was given control of Nigeria.
• The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies.
• Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of the same country .
• These divisions between ethnic groups led to different treatment by
Brits.
• By the 1940s, Nigerians started many groups to fight British rule.
• Many Nigerians admired the British because of their education in
England.
• Nigerians believe that the only way to have rights was to be free of
European rule.
Nigeria Continued
• These groups pushing for independence became political parties that
worked for Nigerian independence.
• By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerians elect their own
government.
• In 1957 they elected Abubkar Tafawa Balewa as their Prime Minister
• On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted its independence from
Britain.
Kenya Nationalist Movement
• Kenya was colonized by England & many people in Kenya
disliked the British being there.
• In opposition to British rule they organized a group known as
the Mau Mau (1952-1960).
• Mau Mau- a secret organization that believed the only way to
win Kenyan rights and independence was through the use of
force & violence.
• In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau, however
violence between the two groups continued until 1960.
• Thousands of people were killed during fighting, only about 100
were European.
Kenya Continued…
• Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support for the Mau Mau led
the British to grant Kenya its independence.
• In 1963 the British helped Kenyans hold democratic elections,
they elected Jomo Kenyatta president.
• Kenya was once again free from foreign rule.
• South Africa’s path to independence.
• In 1948, Afrikaners (people of Dutch decent) defeated Englishspeaking whites to win control of South Africa’s government.
• South Africa was ruled by both the Dutch & British people.
• Afrikaners established “Apartheid” --an Afrikaans word
meaning “separateness” an official policy of racial
discrimination & segregation.
• Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few rights they had &
required segregation.
• Separation was based on race (black, white, or colored).
Townships
• There were established “townships” for blacks; Townships
were poor, crowded areas far away from the cities where
the blacks had to live.
• Homelands often did not have running water and
electricity.
• Black South Africans could only leave their homeland if
they were going to work for a white person.
• Blacks forced to carry pass books (similar to a passport) at
all times or they would go to prison
African National Congress (ANC)
• African National Congress goal was to: unite people of all
races (in South Africa) to fight for rights and freedoms against
racism & apartheid.
• Nelson Mandela, a black South African, started the ANC &
led it.
F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela
• Nelson Mandela, was the leader of the ANC & was arrested
on August 5, 1962. He was imprisoned for 27 years until he
was granted his release in 1990 by F. W. de Klerk.
• F.W. de Klerk was South Africa’s president when N.
Mandela went to jail—he helped get Mandela out of jail (he
was a white man)
• Nelson Mandela was elected President of South Africa in
1994, he was South Africa’s first black president.
Nelson Mandela
Africa
What I know
about Africa
What I want to learn
About Africa
What I have learned
so far about Africa
The genocide was sparked (not the
cause) by the death of the Rwandan
President Juvenal Habyarimana
(Hutu), a Hutu, when his plane was
shot down above Kigali airport on
April 6, 1994.
President Paul Kagame
(Tutsis)
The Cause – Ethnic Tension
Ethnic tension in Rwanda is nothing new. There have been been
disagreements between the majority Hutus and minority Tutsis, but
the animosity between them has grown substantially since the colonial
period.
What happened during the colonial period that set the ball in motion?
When the Belgian colonists arrived in 1916, they produced identity cards
classifying people according to their ethnicity. The Belgians considered
the Tutsis to be superior to the Hutus. Not surprisingly, the Tutsis
welcomed this idea, and for the next 20 years they enjoyed better jobs
and educational opportunities than their neighbors.
Tutsi ‘s, with Kagame as their leader,
refugees - supported by some moderate
Hutus - were forming the Rwandan
Patriotic Front (RPF)
Tutsis considered scapegoats
Hutu’s in control
Rwanda Independence in 1962
Habyarimana's plane shot down in April 1994,
it was the final nail in the coffin.
In August 1993, after several attacks and months of
negotiation, a peace accord was signed between
Habyarimana and the RPF, but it did little to stop the
continued unrest.
Habyarimana chose to exploit this threat as a
way to bring dissident Hutus back to his side,
and Tutsis inside Rwanda were accused of being
RPF collaborators.
Participants were often given incentives, such as
money or food, and some were even told they could
appropriate the land of the Tutsis they killed.
Soldiers and police officers encouraged ordinary citizens to
participate. In some cases, Hutu civilians were forced to
murder their Tutsi neighbors by military personnel.
The presidential guard immediately initiated a campaign of
retribution. Leaders of the political opposition were murdered,
and almost immediately, the slaughter of Tutsis and moderate
Hutus began.
Rwanda's now Tutsi-led government has twice
invaded its much larger neighbor, saying it wants to
wipe out the Hutu forces.
Although the killing in Rwanda is over, the presence of
Hutu militias in DR Congo has led to years of conflict
there, causing up to five million deaths.
Some 800,000 minority Tutsis and moderate Hutus were
slaughtered by Hutu militias in just 100 days in 1994.
2 million Hutus fled to Zaire (now the Democratic
Republic of Congo).
in July, the RPF captured Kigali. The government
collapsed and the RPF declared a ceasefire.
The origins of the conflict in Darfur
are accounted for by numerous factors:
•Historical violence in the region
•Ethnic divisions
•Social, political and economic
marginalization
•Constant struggle over power-sharing
that weakens the central government
Colonial Rule: “Divide and Rule” – 1899-1956
 Divided Sudan along both geographical and ethnic lines
 Created a Sudan that is deeply divided between Muslim-Arab
and the African blacks, and North and South
Just The Facts
Since the beginning of the conflicts of Darfur in 2003, over 400,000
Darfurian civilians have been killed, which means about 150 people lose
their lives every day.
300,000 people have died directly from acts of violence in Darfur.
90% of the villages of Darfur’s targeted ethnic groups have been
destroyed.
97% of these killings have been against innocent civilians and executed
by militia groups instructed by the government.
Historical Context:
Imperialism has been interpreted from a variety of viewpoints. The
documents below express various viewpoints about the positive and
negative effects of European imperialism.
Task:
Evaluate both the positive and negative effects of imperialism.
Part A
Short Answer
The documents below relate to the positive and negative effects of
imperialism. Examine each document carefully and then answer the
question that follows it.
Document 1
O.P. Austin, "Does Colonization Pay" The Forum, 1900
"Modern progressive nations lying in the temperate zone seek to control
garden spots’ in the tropics. [mainly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia]
Under [the progressive nations] direction, these places can yield tropical
produce. In return, the progressive nations bring to the people of those
garden spots the foodstuffs and manufactures they need. [Progressive
nations] develop the territory by building roads, canals, railways, and
telegraphs. They can establish schools and newspapers for the colonies
[and] give these people the benefit of other blessings of civilization
which they have not the means of creating themselves."
1. According to the author, what benefits did the colonies receive from the
"modern progressive nations“?
Document 2
"Learning civilized ways is hard work"
2. What did colonization mean for the native people?
In The News Today
Anarchy continues , transition drags in Egypt
Who?
What?
Why?
And this means what?
Why Should I care?
Document 3
"To begin with, there are the exporters and manufacturers of certain goods used
in the colonies. The makers of cotton and iron goods have been very much
interested in imperialism. Their business interests demand that colonial
markets should be opened and developed and that foreign competitors should be
shut out. Such aims require political control and imperialism.
Finally, the most powerful of all business groups are the bankers. Banks make
loans to colonies and backward countries for building railways and steamship
lines. They also make loans to colonial plantation owners, importers, and
exporters.
The imperialist business interests have powerful allies. Military and naval
leaders believe strongly in extending the white man’s rule over the ‘inferior
races,’ To this company may be added another element—the missionary.
Missionaries went forth to preach a kingdom beyond this world. But they often
found themselves the builders of very earthly empires. . . . Last, but by no
means least, let us add politicians to our list of empire builders."
Imperialism and World Politics, Parker T. Moore, 1926
3. Who are the empire builders described in this passage?
Document 4
"When the whites came to our country, we had the land and they had
the Bible, now we have the Bible and they have the land."
African proverb
4. How did the Africans feel about the missionaries?
Document 6
"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our
responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our
civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes
which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in selfconfidence. . .
The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their
own economy.
Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they,
together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions
for industrialization. . ."
Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962
6. In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist
to years of colonialism?
Document 5
The White Man killed my father,
My father was proud.
The White Man seduced my mother,
My mother was beautiful.
The White Man burnt my brother beneath the noonday sun,
My brother was strong.
His hands red with black blood
The White Man turned to me;
And in the Conqueror’s voice said,
"Boy! a chair, a napkin, a drink.
An Anthology of West African Verse, David Diop, 1957
5. What were some negative effects of imperialism on Africa?
This German cartoon, published in the early 20th century, is entitled
"Thus colonize the English."
7. What is the point of view of this cartoonist about European imperialism?
You should discuss at least four of the following terms/concepts in your answer:
mercantilism, the industrial revolution, Social Darwinism, the White Man’s Burden,
spreading Christianity & seeking land to gain glory. Big Question – Why Imperialize??
Part B
Essay Response
Evaluate both the positive and negative effects of imperialism.
Your essay should be well organized with an introductory paragraph
that states your position. Develop your position in the next paragraphs
and then write a conclusion. In your essay, include specific historical
details and refer to the specific documents you analyzed in Part A. You
may include additional information from your knowledge of global
history.
Africa
What I know
about Africa
What I want to learn
About Africa
What I have learned
about Africa