Transcript File

Unit
3:
Chapter
3
TheEurope
Ageand
oftheExploration
New World:
New Encounters, 1500 - 1800
Earlier Attempts at Exploration
Leif Erikson and
Vikings - Nova
Scotia and
Newfoundland
 Crusades - Middle
East, “Holy Land”
 Cultural Exchange
via trade and
written works

Knights Templar
On the Brink of a New World:
Motives
Three G’s: Gold, Glory, God
 God and religious zeal

– Work of Francis Xavier, Jesuit
Missionary in East
– English Puritans in North America

Gold (and other “goods”)
– Gold and silver
– Spices and other luxury goods (access
to the East)

Glory
– Medieval fantasy writings from far away
lands
– Economic advancement not allowed by
more rigid socio-economic structure
– New world allowed adventurous
individuals to achieve fame and status
On the Brink of a New World:
Means


Growth of Centralized Monarchies
New Technology
– Better ships – Lateen Sail, Cannons
– Compass
– Astrolabe (latitude)

New Learning
– Printed Books
 The Travels of John Mandeville (14th
century)
 The Polos’ travel literature
 Ptolemy’s Geography (1477) in Latin
– Portolani
– Better knowledge of wind patterns
– Renaissance humanism and the emphasis on
learning and curiosity
The Portuguese Empire

Portugal’s goals
– Gain ally vs. Muslims
– Trade opportunities
– Extend Christianity

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 –
1460)
– Navigation School
– Exploration of west coast of Africa
– Slavery in Portugal
Ok! Ok! We can turn
back! Don’t kill me!

The Development of a Portuguese
Maritime Empire
– Bartholomeu Dias: rounds Cape of
Good Hope but…
– Vasco da Gama: reaches east coast of
Africa and India by rounding Cape of
Good Hope
The Portuguese Empire

Viceroys
– Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462
– 1515)
 Fights Indian and Turkish forces
 Spice trade monopoly
 Torture and cruelty
– Commercial – Military bases

Reasons for Portuguese
Success
– Guns
– Seamanship
I’ll beat you with this stick
if you step out of line!

Permanence?
Voyages of the New World

Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)
– Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)
– Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)

Additional Discoveries
–
–
–
–
John Cabot – New England for Henry VII
English route through White Sea to Russia
Jacques Cartier – North America for France
Pedro Cabral – South America (by mistake!) for
Portugal
– Amerigo Vespucci – Writes about voyages (“America”)
– Nun˜ez de Balboa – Sails across Isthmus of Panama
and into Pacific Ocean for Spain
– Ferdinand Magellan –circumnavigates the Earth – sort
of (death in Philippines) for Spain

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divides New World
between Spain and Portugal
– Written by Pope Alexander VI!
– East of Good hope to Portuguese; west to Spanish
Magellan and Tordesillas
The Spanish Empire



Treaty of Tordesillas provokes Spanish
rush for lands
Conquistadores’ role
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
– The Maya – agrarian; declined 800
– The Aztecs – warriors; uncentralized

The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
– Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547)
– Moctezuma (Montezuma)
– Initially welcomed – believed to be a
representative of the god Quetzalcoatl
– Spanish then turned against Moctezuma and
pillaged Tenochtitlan
– Aztecs revolted and chased Spanish out, but
then succumbed to smallpox while Spanish
regrouped
– Aztec Empire overthrown – with great violence
The Spanish Empire

The Inca and the
Spanish
– Pachakuti transformed Inca
empire into advanced state
– Inca buildings and roads
– Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 –
1541)
– Smallpox claims many –
including emperor, triggering
civil war
– Atahualpa captured
– Incas overthrown (1535)
Atahualpa
captured;
Diamond’s
Guns, Germs
and Steel
(Cont)

Jared Diamond’s thesis:
Guns, Germs and Steel
The Spanish Empire: Administration

Encomienda
– Crown grants conquerors right to use
native labor and collect tribute
– In return, conquerors are to protect,
pay and supervise the religious needs of
the natives – did this happen?
Bartolome de las Casas exposed
the mistreatment of natives by
greedy conquistadores, leading
to a shift in governing policies in
the Spanish Empire

Viceroys

The Church
– Replaced encomienda system after its
abuses were exposed
– Served as regional civil and military
governors for king
– Viceroys assisted by advisory council
called audiencias
– Spanish crown’s authority over Church
– Mass conversion of natives
– Dominican, Franciscan and Jesuit
missionaries
– Spanish Inquisition
European Discoveries and Possessions in the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
New Rivals on the World Stage





Spain and Portugal
had led the way in
the early stages of
the “Age of
Exploration”
By the 17th century,
the Dutch had also
become involved
Shortly thereafter,
the French and
English also joined
the mix
Eventually, Spanish
and Portuguese
dominance in the
New World faded
The impact of this
competition
instigated war at
home and abroad,
and drastic changes
in the social and
economic structure.
European Presence in Africa


Initial interest was
gold and Portuguese
established outposts
on east and west
coasts of Africa for
this purpose
Dutch displaced their
presence on the west
coast
– Dutch East India
Company sponsored
settlement in south
Africa on Cape of
Good Hope
– Settlement evolved
into farming
community
– Dutch settlers in S.
Africa called “Boers”
Africa: The Slave Trade



Slavery in Africa not new
Initially, slaves were brought to
Europe and the Middle East as
domestics
Plantation farming escalates
demand for slaves (sugar cane)
– Triangular Trade
– Up to 10,000,000 African slaves
taken to the Americas between the
sixteenth and nineteenth Centuries
– High death rate during transit
(Middle Passage)
– Prisoners of War
– Depopulation of African kingdoms
– Political effects of slave trade in
Africa (Benin Kingdom)
– Power of local African leaders in the
transaction
– Criticism of Slavery (Enlightenment)
– Society of Friends = Quakers
The Slave Trade: Middle Passage
The journey aboard a typical slave ship took 100 days
or longer. Many Africans did not survive the horrible
conditions and contracted diseases or suffered from
malnutrition. Mortality rates were 10% or worse.
Despite the tremendous loss of life, slave owners did
not encourage slaves to have children who would
have greater immunities to New World diseases since
they felt it was not as costly to buy more as it was to
raise a child to working age.
The West in Southeast Asia



Portugal: did not have the means to
sustain their far-reaching empire
Spain: Seized Philippines as a trade base,
exchanging Asian silk for silver from
Mexico
Netherlands (Dutch)
–
–
–
–


Seized Spice Islands from Portugal
Built fort in Jakarta for protection
DEI Company: Pepper plantations
Controlled most of SE Asia by end of
18th century
England: Only held one port in Sumatra
Mainland SE Asia generally resisted
European presence
– Europeans initially sought to pit
factions against one another
– Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and
Vietnam ultimately unified and
resisted
– Only loose trade relations were
established between Euros and
these areas
Europeans in India
The Mughal Empire under Akbar
 Portugal: Pre-Akbar, limited presence
 Dutch: Competed with English and
Portuguese, but abandoned interests in
favor of Spice Islands
 France: Competed with England but did
not get funding from French government
(only had Pondicherry)
 England: Increasing presence

– Sir Robert Clive: fought French and
Indian rebellion in Bengal
 Freed British captives from “Black Hole
of Calcutta” prison
 Chief Rep. of British East India Company
 Battle of Plassey (1757) secured Calcutta
for Brits
– Seven Years’ War British booted French
out completely
– Thriving COTTON trade (raw cotton
refined in India, traded with SE Asia for
spices that were returned to England)
China

Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644)
– At its height, greatly expanded
size of imperial China
– During this time, Portuguese
explorers landed off coast of
China (1514) with little fanfare
– Disease ravages population
(1630s), precipitating peasant
revolt led by Li Zicheng
– Last Ming emperor commits
suicide in 1644

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
– Invading dynasty from
Manchuria brings peace
– Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong
bring prosperity
– Dynasty’s decline coincided
with increasing European
presence

Russia
– sought furs and skins
– formal trade relations developed
in 1689

England
– sought silk and tea
– given limited access to China
from island off Cantonese coast
– Lord Macartney demanded
greater access in 1793 but
Emperor Qianlong denied him
Macartney
Embassy
arrives in
China, but
comes back
empty handed.
Christians,
GET OUT!
Japan

Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)
– Centralizes leadership in Japan
– Ends years of civil warfare and turmoil
– Tokugawa Dynasty remained in power until
1868

The Portuguese
– Land in Japan 1543 and open trade
– Francis Xavier: missionary activity
– Japan interested in tobacco, clocks,
eyeglasses, weapons and European military
strategy
– Missionaries interfere in Japanese politics
 Expelled from Japan
 Japanese Christians persecuted
Tokugawa Ieyasu takes
control of Japan in 1603 and
expells Christian missionaries,
seen as undermining the
shogun’s power.
– Portuguese traders expelled shortly thereafter

The Dutch
– Did not bring missionaries
– Only Europeans allowed to maintain limited
trade from Nagasaki for a few months a year
The Americas

The colony of Saint
Domingue became
the wealthiest colony
in the world by the
18th century. The
“pearl of the Antilles”
produced nearly half
the sugar and over
half the coffee
consumed in Europe
on the backs of
poorly treated slaves.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
led a successful slave
revolt in 1793.
Spain and Portugal decline
– Portugal in Brazil and Spain in
South America
– Both powers declined in 17th
century
– Faced competition from Dutch,
English and French in the
Americas

The West Indies
– British held Barbados, Jamaica
and Bermuda
– French held Saint-Domingue,
Martinique and Guadeloupe
– Cotton, tobacco, coffee and sugar
– “Sugar Factories” brought great
wealth
North America


Spain’s claim to the Americas ignored by others
The Dutch
– Henry Hudson’s discovery of the Hudson River in 1609
– New Netherlands: Dutch colonies stretched from Albany to
mouth of Hudson River
– Decline in 17th century after losing New Netherlands to
English (New York) and bankruptcy of Dutch West India Co.

The English
– Jamestown (1607)
– Massachusetts Bay Company: religious freedom and
economic opportunity provide the motivation
– Thirteen Colonies: prosperous and independent despite
mercantilist policies

The French
– Canada claimed after Cartier discovers St. Lawrence River
– Trade outposts for fur, leather, fish and timber, but no
colonies
– France neglected conquest efforts in favor of war at home
– Lost territory in 1713, and all NA holdings in 1763 to British
South America


The massive loss of territory for Spain in the
war of Spanish Succession (and the
subsequent British gains) all resulted because
this man, Charles II of Spain, failed to
reproduce. Perhaps this was a good thing…
Spain’s hold on South America even
began to slip
France and England break into
South American trade after 1713
– Treaties of Utrecht and Blenheim
end the War of Spanish Succession:
Philip V (Bourbon) is the Spanish
king.
– All European powers collectively
defeated combined forces of Spain
and France.
– Britain’s role on winning side gives
them asiento or privilege of
supplying slaves to South America
in addition to gaining French
possessions in North America.
Impact of European Expansion:
The Conquered

Devastating effects to local
populations in America and Africa
– In Americas, native populations
obliterated by disease and culture
squelched and replaced with Euro culture
– In Africa, especially on coasts, populations
decimated

Less impact in Asia
– A few religious converts
– Minimal lasting influence
– Asian rulers limited contact with
Europeans
– SE Asian islands and India more affected

Chart depicting various racial
combinations in Latin America
Multiracial society in Latin America
– Mestizos and mulattoes
– Greater racial diversity, but hierarchies
remained
Impact of European Expansion:
Ecology of The Conquered


Horses and cattle to
the Americas
– Argentine Beef?
– Plains Indians use of
horses?
Transporting crops
– Sugar cane and
wheat to South
America for
plantation-style
cultivation
– Sweet potatoes and
maize to Africa from
Americas
Impact of European Expansion:
Religion and The Conquered
Catholic missionaries much more active
than Protestant
 Franciscans, Jesuits and Dominicans
established missions to confine and
control natives

Missionaries
converting
natives; Sor
Juana Ines
de la Cruz, a
nun in
Mexico and
champion of
women’s
education
– Native culture undermined
– Displaced by European culture

Missionaries in China
– Jesuits pointed to similarities between
Christianity and Confucian teachings in China
– Allowed ancestor worship to coexist with
Christianity until Pope condemned
– This reduced further conversion

Missionaries in Japan
– Missionaries destroyed local temples and
interfered with Japanese politics, wearing out
their welcome.
The Impact of European
Expansion: The Conquerors

Opportunities for women
– few white women came to colonies
– Women from poorer or disgraced
backgrounds had opportunities to marry
“up”

Economic effects
– Gold and Silver (Potosi mines in Peru)
– Columbian Exchange exchanged plants
and animals between Europe and New
World
 Horses, cattle and wheat from Europe
 Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate,
tobacco to Europe

British Coffee House
Impact on European lifestyle
– Chocolate, Coffee and Tea as drinks
– Potato became the “super food” of Europe
The Impact of European
Expansion: The Conquerors

European rivalries
– Piracy common and state-sponsored!
– Determined alliances in international
wars

New views of the world
– Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594)
and his map (Mercator Projection)
– Helped trigger more exploration

Psychological impact
– Relative ease of conquering
– Reinforces belief in superiority of
European civilization and values
Global Patterns of the European States:18th Century
Toward a World Economy
What? The Hapsburgs
aren’t paying me back?
Mother Fugger…!

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
– “Price Revolution” – 2-3% inflation on most goods,
including food
– Wages did not reflect the increase
– Influx of gold/silver + population boom as causes?

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
– Joint stock trading companies
– Profits in shipbuilding, metallurgy and mining
– New economic institutions
 Family banks replaced by banking institutions
(Fuggers bankrupt)
 The Bank of Amsterdam
 Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)

Agriculture
– 80% still worked in agriculture
– Little changed in lives of peasants, whose lives
Mercantilism

Total volume of trade unchangeable
– European powers competed for
greatest share of it
– Economic activity = war through
peaceful means
Importance of bullion and favorable
balance of trade (export more than
you import)
 State intervention

Jean-Baptiste Colbert of
France, financial minister
to Louis XIV: Mercantilism
at its best!
– High tariffs on foreign goods
– Use colonies as source of raw materials
and as a market to sell manufactured
goods from mother country
Overseas Trade and Colonies:
Movement Toward Globalization
Transoceanic trade very valuable (luxury
goods) BUT…
 Intra European trade still dominated the
volume of trade for most of the time period
 By 1789, however, a shift in the balance of
trade saw huge increases in overseas trade and
much lower increases in intra-European trade
 These changing trade patterns interlocked
Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas

Witchcraft Craze!
Swept Europe in 16th and
17th centuries
 Prevalent in England,
Scotland, Switzerland,
German States, France,
Netherlands, New England
 Occurred in both Catholic
and Protestant regions
 Likely a result of religious
turmoil that defined the
era

Images of “witches” – ah, if only Freud had
been around to analyze this! And what
about the origins of the broomstick?
Witchcraft Craze – A History
Satanic
wheat!
DIE!
Be gone,
Satanic
Horse!
– During Middle Ages,
witches were initially
associated with Satan
– During Black Death, Pope
Innocent VIII issues bull
 Mass extermination
 Jacob Sprenger and
Heinrich Kramer and
Malleus Maleficarum
Witchcraft Craze – 16th Century
LOOK! It’s the
mark of SATAN!

I think
it’s just a
hickey…




Widespread panic
ensues…
Nearly 100,000
people were
convicted!
Nobody could
escape
punishment
Confessions were
extracted by
torture
Most targeted:
single, older
women – why?
Witchcraft Craze - Explanations
Um…You’re all
Satan’s
emissaries… I’m
here to whip the
devil out of you.

Why did it spike in 16th17th centuries?
– Religious conflict
– Commercial Revolution
erodes communal values
and encourages
individualist spirit
– Many more women were
convicted
I love
my job.

Died down in 17th
century – why?
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) –
Origins
 The last of the “religious wars?”
 Bourbons vs. Hapsburgs?
 Nations’ Ambitions?
– Spanish Hapsburgs
– Austrian Hapsburgs
– Sweden and Denmark

Religious conflict or Political Conflict?
–
–
–
–
Calvinism had spread into German states
Peace of Augsburg (1555) only settled issue of Lutheranism
Protestants tried to seize control of previously Catholic states
Protestant and Catholic alliances formed to protect their
respective states
 Protestant Union
 Catholic League
– Austrian Hapsburgs attempt to consolidate power over German
princes, and the princes sought allies from all over Europe…
30 Years’ War: Phases
Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625
Nobles in Bohemia accept
rule of Hapsburg
Archduke/King of Bohemia
Ferdinand
 Eventually, they grow
dissatisfied with his
repressive politics and UberCatholicism

Images of the
defenestration
of Prague.
Mary’s Miracle
or Mare’s
Manure?
Fecal matter!
Here I come!
– Defenestration in Prague
– Miracle of the Virgin Mary…?
Or a fecal cushion?
30 Years’ War: Phases
Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625
Bohemian rebels seize power
 Ferdinand deposed
 Elector Frederick V, head of
the Protestant Union chosen as
leader
 Ferdinand’s belligerence

Ferdinand, King of Bohemia and
eventually Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II. His firm Catholicism was
the proximate cause of the war.
– Catholic Bavarians and the Catholic
League
– Battle of White Mountain
– Frederick’s flight
– Catholic victory!
30 Years’ War: Phases
Danish Phase, 1625-1629
King Christian IV of Denmark aids
protestants
 Catholic Albrecht von
Wallenstein of Bohemia lays
smack-down…
 Danes return home with major
losses
 Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II
imposes Edict of Restitution
3/1629

King Christian; Albrecht von
Wallenstein
30 Years’ War: Phases
Swedish Phase, 1630-1635
Gustavus Adolphus,
King of Sweden
intervenes…
 New military strategy of
the “Lion of the North”
 Battle of Lutzen, 1632
 Battle of
Nordlingen,1634
 Revocation of Edict of
Restitution

Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV
before him, came to aid the German
Lutherans, and to obtain economic
influence in the German states around
the Baltic Sea.
30 Years’ War: Phases
Franco-Swedish Phase, 1635-1648
Surrounded by
Hapsburgs?! NO!
Political concerns trump
religion
 Cardinal Richelieu’s
concerns over Hapsburgs
surrounding France

– French send in troops while the
Swedes regroup in Germany -
all on the Protestant side!
– Success of French commander
Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar
– French success at Battle of
Rocroi (row-kroy) in 1643
Cardinal Richelieu
The Thirty
Years’ War
territories
and battles: a
summary
I’m the
lion of
the north
30 Years’ War: Aftermath



Peace of Westphalia
(1648)
Peace of Pyrenees (1659)
German states devastated
– Pestilence, famine, and
violence ravaged German
lands
– Holy Roman Empire
rendered powerless as
German states are further
fractured


More separation of church
and state
Emergence of FRANCE
Military Revolution?
Dude. We’re being
replaced by REAL
armies.
Bummer. Guess I
need to find a real
job.
Mercenary soldiers
New military tactics
emerged following 30
Years’ War.
 Influence of Gustavus
Adolphus’ tactics
 Mercenary soldiers
gave way to welltrained, disciplined
national armies (The
Last Valley, 1971)
 Link between standing
armies and
absolutism?

Rebellion?
 Ongoing
warfare and skyrocketing
taxes
 Nobles’ struggle to resist
centralization
 Many small but unsuccessful
rebellions defined this turbulent era
 Also helped motivate monarchs to
fine-tune their military force
A Review
 Reasons
for witchcraft craze in
early 17th century?
 30 Years’ War:
– A religious conflict – or was it more?
– Big Dogs Stink For Sure!
– Main players
– Devastation of German States
Discussion Questions
Why were the Portuguese so well positioned for
overseas exploration?
 How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs?
 What social and economic forces drove the Slave
Trade?
 How were the British able to achieve such a
dominant position in Asia?
 What impact did European colonization have on the
colonized?
 What economic changes occurred in Europe as a
result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?

Web Links



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

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The Slave Trade
European Voyages of Exploration
The Age of Exploration
Digital South Asia Library
Around the Indus in 90 Slides
Internet East Asian History Sourcebook
The East India Company
Virtual Jamestown