Transcript World War I - WLWV Staff Blogs

World War I
AP US
Hamer
(with help from Susan Pojer)
February 17-22, 2012
Causes of
World War I
Imperialism
• Dominating another country or culture,
usually for economic or military gain
• Through the colony building practices of
imperialism, the world was more
connected as England was no longer a
single country but the British Empire
• Cause rivalries among countries
• Caused many countries to increase the size
of their navy
Colonial
Rivalries:
Africa in
1914
Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914
The British Empire in 1914
The Balkans in 1878
The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913
Nationalism
• A devotion to the interests and culture of
one’s nation
• This concept grew in the 1800’s
• Caused rivalries among countries
• Caused countries like Russia to feel a link
to other countries with their Slavic
culture like Serbia
Militarism
• The development of armed forces and
their use as a tool of diplomacy.
• Caused by the increase in imperialism
and nationalism.
• By 1890, Germany had the strongest
army in Europe and England had the
strongest navy.
Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers
[Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
Alliances
• By 1907, there were two major defense
systems in Europe:
• The Triple Entente (the Allied Powers)
– France, Britain, and Russia
• The Triple Alliance (the Central Powers)
– Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
– (Italy left this group in 1915 and the Ottoman
Turks joined in late 1914)
Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914
1. Three Emperors’ League (1873)  Ger, A-H, Rus.
2. Dual Alliance (1879)  Ger. & A-H
3. Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It.
4. Reinsurance Treaty (1887)  restore relations between
Ger. & Rus.
5. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)
6. British-Japanese Alliance (1902)
7. The Entente Cordiale (1904)  Br. & Fr.
Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914
8. First Moroccan Crisis (1905)
9. Russo-Japanese War (1905)
10. The Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)  Persia
11. Triple Entente (1907)  Br, Fr, Rus
12. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908
13. Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
14. The First Balkan War (1912)
15. The Second Balkan War (1913)
Europe
in 1914
The
Balkans in
1914
The
“Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
June
1914
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Who’s To Blame?
The Dominoes Fall…
Then:
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• Russia felt that is should support its Slavic
brother (Serbia)
• Germany supported Austria-Hungary by
declaring war on Russia and then France
• Germany invaded Belgium and Great
Britain declared war on Germany
War in Europe
• Soldiers mobilized quickly from all sides
• Germany used the Schlieffen plan to
move through Belgium to attack France
– The plan was to finish France in 6 weeks and
then focus on Russia
– This didn’t work and Germany ended up
involved in a 2 front war
Multi Front War
• The Western Front:
– Trenches
– Germany vs. England and France
– More horrible than previous wars by a lot
• The Eastern Front:
– More mobile
– Germany and Austria Hungary vs. Russia
– Russia has a revolution and drops out in 1917
• Other Fronts:
– Italy vs. A-H; Middle East; Africa; Colonial Holdings in
Asia (Japan was an Allied Power)
A Multi-Front War
America
Joins
the
Allies
The Sinking of the Lusitania
•Germany declared unrestricted submarine
warfare in the Spring of 1917
•America was already upset by the deaths of
Americans on Allied ships
Election of 1916
• Democrats – Wilson again
“He kept us out of war”
• Republicans – Charles
Evan Hughes
• Progressives – TR refused
to run and split
Republicans again
1916 Election Results
Democrat
Woodrow Wilson
Republican Charles E. Hughes
277 elec
49.2%pop
254 elec
46.1% pop
The Zimmerman Telegram
• Germany wanted
Mexico to join the
war and fight
America – promised
Mexico supplies
• England intercepted
the telegram and told
America
The Yanks Are
Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
America
Mobilizes
for War
1. Enlistment
The Most Famous
Recruitment Poster
Enlist Now
For Big and Little Soldiers
The Singingest War Ever!
Results of Enlistment:
1917 – Selective Service Act
24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of
1918.
4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active
combat).
400,000 African-Americans served in segregated
units.
15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts,
messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.
11,000 women enlisted in the navy and 269 in the
marines – non-combat positions
Expansion
of the Federal
Government
Council of National Defense
War Industries Board –
Bernard Baruch
Food Administration –
Herbert Hoover
Railroad Administration –
William McAdoo
National War Labor Board –
W. H. Taft & Frank P. Walsh
U.S. Food Administration
Check out
the amazing
WWI food
propaganda
posters on
my front
wall!
U.S. Food Administration
U.S. School Garden
Army
National War Garden
Commission
U.S. Shipping Board
U. S. Fuel Administration
Results of This New Organization
of the Economy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unemployment virtually disappeared.
Expansion of “big government.”
Excessive government regulations in economy
Some gross mismanagement overlapping
jurisdictions.
5. Close cooperation between public and private
sectors.
6. Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged
groups.
Women during
WWI
YWCA – The Blue Triangle
The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!
Munitions Work
Although many more
women went to work
in munitions factories
during WWII than
WWI, they did make a
significant
contribution during
the first World War.
Women Used In Recruitment
Hello, Big
Boy!
Even Grandma Buys
Liberty Bonds
National League for
Woman’s Service
The Red Cross - Greatest
Mother in the World
Women’s Suffrage
• Wilson finally agrees to push for a suffrage
amendment as “a vitally necessary war measure”
after suffragettes protested in front of the White
House (watch Iron Jawed Angels!)
African
Americans
during WWI
Opportunities for
African-Americans in WW1
“Great Migration.”
1916 – 1919  70,000
War industries work.
Enlistment in segregated units.
The Great Migration
True Sons of Freedom
African-Americans on a Troop Ship
Headed for France
“Rescuing a Negro During the Race
Riots in Chicago”, 1919
Immigrants
during WWI
The “Flag of Liberty”
Represents All of Us!
Wartime
Propaganda
The Committee of Public
Information (George Creel)
America’s “Propaganda
Minister”
Anti-Germanism.
Selling American Culture.
“Remember Belgium” and the
“Mad Brute”
Beat Back the “Hun”
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War IsHELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
The War of the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
New Weapons of WWI - Tank
• The tank was invented
to roll across no man’s
land and over enemy
trenches.
• The British Mark I was
the first successful tank
used on the battlefield.
• The Americans also
developed a smaller,
two man tank, the FT17
French Renault Tank
New Weapons of WWI - U-Boat
• The U-Boat (or
unterseeboot in
German) was the
German submarine
used in WWI.
• They were very
effective at blockading
England for a time and
destroyed both English
(and American) Navy
and merchant vessels.
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
September 1916-April 1917
May 1917-June 1918
New Weapons of WWI Fighter Planes and Zeppelins
• The new technology of the airplane saw
its first use in battle during WWI.
• Originally used as reconnaissance, then
fighters, by the end of the war they were
also used as bombers.
• The Zeppelin blimps were also used as
spy ships and bombers during the war.
New Weapons of WWI Fighter Planes
The Red Baron’s Fokker Tri Plane
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “RedBaron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas and Machine Guns
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
New Weapons of WWI Poison Gas
• Chlorine gas was first used by the Germans
at the Second Battle of Ypres in April of 1915.
• Phosgene gas which was more deadly was
also used after this.
• Mustard gas which caused blindness and
often death from pneumonia was invented
and used in the last years of the war.
New Weapons of WWI Poison Gas
• British tear gas
casualties
• British troops in
gas masks at Ypres
1917
• German soldier and
horse in gas masks
Poison Gas Casualties of WWI
Gas casualties (estimated)
Nation
Fatal
Non-fatal
Russia
50,000
400,000
Germany
10,000
190,000
France
8,000
182,000
Britain
8,000
181,000
Austria-Hungary 3,000
97,000
USA
1,500
71,500
Italy
4,500
55,000
Total
85,000 (3% of
1,176,500
combat deaths)
WWI Ends
Germany’s Spring
Offensive
• Germany plans an offensive for the
Spring of 1918 in the hopes that they can
beat the Allies before too many
Americans arrive
• Failure because:
– Put all of their forces into this
– All of the best troops were put in special
units on the front line (stormtroopers)
– No plan for victory
The Central Powers Fall
• On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary
surrendered.
• On November 9, 1918, socialist leaders took
over the German capital and established a
German republic; the Kaiser gave up the
throne.
• Finally, Germany agreed to sign an armistice
(truce).
– On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day in the
eleventh month of 1918, World War I was over.
The War to End All Wars?
• World War I was the bloodiest war in history
to that time.
– 22 million were dead – more than half of them
civilians.
– 20 million people were wounded
– 10 million became refugees.
• The U.S.A. lost 48,000 men in battle with
another 62,000 dying of disease. More than
200,000 Americans were wounded.
Major Players of WWI
Primary Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Italy
• Russia (until 1917)
• United States (after
1917)
Primary Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria Hungary
• Ottoman Turks
• Bulgaria
The Aftermath of WWI
• After Germany signed an armistice in 1918,
negotiations began:
• The peace treaty was dictated by the leaders
of the four remaining Allied Powers: Great
Britain, France, Italy, and America.
– Russia was not allowed to enter into the treaty
because they had dropped out of the war (and
because they were communist).
– This was one of the first major occasions where
only the victors sat at the negotiation table.
Wilson’s 14 Points
• President Wilson of the United States came up
with a set of ideas known as the 14 points.
1. No secret treaties between nations
2. Freedom of the seas for all
3. Lower or abolish tariffs between nations
for free trade
4. Reduce arms stockpiles
5. Colonial policies should take the interest of the
colonial people into consideration as well as
the imperialist powers
Wilson’s 14 Points cont.
Points 6-13 dealt with establishing
boundaries in Europe along ethnic
identities when larger nations were
broken up.
14. Establish a League of Nations to
provide a forum for nations to
discuss and settle their grievances
before turning to war
Problem!
All the European leaders rejected Wilson’s
14 points. They wanted to make
Germany pay and Wilson was left
fighting for only the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
• The final treaty established new nations out of the
•
•
•
•
•
•
boundaries of old nations, especially AustriaHungary.
Germany could not maintain an army.
Germany also had to return/give land to France.
Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies in
war reparations
Germany had to follow the war-guilt clause in
which Germany had to take full responsibility for
the war.
Germany was stripped of colonial possessions.
A League of Nations was formed.
New Nations &Territories After WW I
Results of the Treaty of
Versailles
• The U.S. never joined the League of Nations and
the League could not deliver the peace that
Wilson hoped for. The demands placed on
Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were
too great.
– They were humiliated and forced to pay more
money than they could possibly come up with.
– The economic and moral disasters in Germany
caused by the Treaty of Versailles would set the
country up for a dictator who would lead them into
WWII.
Problems for Wilson
• Imperialist leaders in Europe weren’t as
idealist as Wilson
• European leaders were worried about
threats from Communism
• Isolationist senators at home said they
wouldn’t pass the League of Nations –
this gave the Europeans more power at
Versailles
Problems for Wilson
• Allied countries wanted territory
– France wanted the Rhineland and the Saar
Basin
– Italy wanted regions previously taken by A-H
– Japan wanted part of China and Pacific
islands
• Isolationists in America still refused to
sign the treaty
The Beginning of the End for
Wilson
• Wilson collapsed in Colorado during his
tour to take the League to the people
(9/25/1919)
– He then had a stroke
• Lodge smelled blood and tried to strip
the treaty, but Wilson was still able to get
loyal Democrats to vote against it
• Because of this in-fighting, the treaty
never passed and died
• America NEVER joins the League of
Nations
Election of 1920
• Republicans nominated Ohioan, Senator
Warren G. Harding with Calvin Coolidge as
his VP
• Democrats nominated Ohioan, Governor
James M. Cox with FDR as his running
mate!
• Harding wins (with a landslide) in an
attempt to “return to normalcy”…
– “I like Ike” after WWII is the same thing
The 1920 Election
Attacks on
Civil Liberties
at Home
Government Excess & Threats to
the Civil Liberties of Americans
1. Espionage Act– 1917
• forbade actions that obstructed
recruitment or efforts to promote
insubordination in the military.
• ordered the Postmaster General to remove
Leftist materials from the mail.
• fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20
years in prison.
Government Excess & Threats
to the Civil Liberties of Americans
2.Sedition Act – 1918
• You couldn’t speak out against your country
• It was a crime to speak against purchase of war
bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any
disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language
about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution,
or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite,
or advocate any curtailment of productionof
things necessary or essential to the prosecution of
the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple
or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.
Government Excess & Threats
to the Civil Liberties of Americans
3.Schenck v. US– 1919
- in ordinary times the mailing of the
leaflets would have been protected by the
1st Amendment.
- BUT, every act of speech must be judged
according to the circumstances in which it was
spoken.
-The most stringent protection of free
speech would not protect a man in falsely
shouting fire in a theater and causing a
panic.[Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes]
- If an act of speech posed a clear and
present danger, then Congress had
the power to restrain such speech.
Government Excess & Threats
to the Civil Liberties of Americans
4.Abrams v. US– 1919
- majority ruling --> said that the leafletters
were inciting violence - cited Holmes’ “Clear
and present danger” doctrine.
- Holmes & Brandeis dissented:
The best test of truth is the power of the thought
to get itself accepted in the competition of the
market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by
an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.
Government Excess & Threats
to the Civil Liberties of Americans
5. Post-war labor unrest:
 Labor Unions promised not to strike
during the war, so they all began to
strike after the war. Too much at once
 Coal Miners Strike of 1919.
 Steel Strike of 1919.
 Boston Police Strike of 1919.
Anti-Labor
“If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – Chicago
Tribune
Consequences of Labor Unrest
“While We Rock the Boat” – Washington Times
Coal Miners’ Strike - 1919
“Keeping Warm” – Los Angeles Times
Steel Strike - 1919
“Coming Out of the Smoke” – New York World
The “Red
Scare”
• The Red scare was
the first widespread
Anti-Communist
movement in
America
• Targeted towards
labor unions
“What a Year Has Brought
Forth” – NY World
– Calling unions
“communist” was a
great way to take
away their power
“Red Scare” -- Anti-Bolshevism
“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” –
Philadelphia Inquirer
Boston Police Strike - 1919
“He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of society” –
Chicago Tribune
Boston Police Strike - 1919
“Striking Back” – New York Evening World
Government Excess & Threats
to the Civil Liberties of Americans
6. “The Red Scare”:
 Claimed to be against the 1919 - 3rd.
International goal --> promote
worldwide communism.
 Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer
(The Case Against the Reds)
 Palmer Raids - 1920
“Red Scare” –
Palmer Raids
• Bombs were sent to
the houses of a
number of
government officials
including Attorney
General Palmer
• Palmer claimed it
was the communists
A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home
Bombed, 1920
“Red Scare” – Palmer Raids
Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’
in Chicago, 1920
• Palmer Raids wer ea
series of raids on the
houses and offices of
suspected “radicals” to
search for evidence that
they were involved in
the bombing
• No evidence, plenty of
arrests