Transcript alsace sauerkraut

US History II
Standard Four
Students will understand how war affected the
early 20th century.
US History II
Standard Four: Objective I
Objective 1:
Investigate how the United States became involved in imperialism and the SpanishAmerican War.
a. Determine the economic, social, and military affects of United States imperialism.
b. Examine the cause, course, and consequences of the Spanish-American War.
c. Assess how America’s imperialism altered relationships with the Far East and Latin
America.
Objective Two
Objective 2:
Examine how World War I affected the military and the home front of the United
States.
a. Identify major causes of World War I and the United States’ involvement and
influence
in the war; e.g., Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the Versailles Treaty.
b. Determine the reasons the United States Senate refused to join the League of
Nations.
c. Examine the impact World War I had on the United States; e.g., government
policy,
industrial might, civil liberties.
Hawaii
In the mid-1800s, British and French governments
began negotiations with Hawaii to gain economic privileges.
Fearful that Hawaii would become a territory of one of these
nations, the United States signed a treaty with its Pacific
neighbors to declare a friendly relationship. In the years
following the declaration, the United States began holding
more and more of an economic stake in Hawaii as American
plantation owners became a dominating force in the Hawaiian
sugar cane economy. When Queen Liliuokalani tried to
increase the powers of the royal family and take Hawaii back
for the natives, American-Hawaiians (who, at the time,
represented a large portion of the population) and the United
States government fought back and eventually annexed
Hawaii in 1898, which was later declared a state in 1959.
US Imperialism
By the time the United States got serious
about looking beyond its own borders to conquer
new lands, much of the world had already been
claimed. Only a few distant territories in Africa and
Asia and remote islands in the Pacific remained free
from imperial grasp. Hawaii was one such area.
Missionaries in search of converts were some of the
first foreign inhabitants of Hawaii, but Americans
did not acquired a true foothold in Hawaii until the
US gained a hold of substantial financial control of
the Hawaiian sugar trade in the late 1800’s.
Tax on Sugar Imports
American policy in the late 1800’s
introduced a new tariff on imports of sugar. This
meant that Hawaiian sugar plantation owners,
most of whom were American by this time could
not make a profit on the sugar they sold in
America. If; however, the US would annex
Hawaii (make it its own) these plantation
owners would not have to pay the tariff (tax on
imported goods).
Queen Liliuokalani’s Reign
At that time, the Hawaiian throne had
been passed to Queen Liliuokalani, who
determined that the root of Hawaii's problems
was foreign interference. She was determined
to return control of Hawaii to native Hawaiians,
and to undo many of the treaties, giving US
control of trade in Hawaii, that her brother
Kalakaua had approved.
Sugar Planter’s Coup
As a result of concern for their profits from the
Hawaiian sugar trade, American sugar planters staged an
uprising to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani. The sugar
planters did not have the the backing of the government
of the United States, so had to at the same time appeal to
the United States armed forces for protection. President
Cleveland did not support the sugar planters; however,
American sentiment favored the annexation of Hawaii. As
a result, supporters waited until President McKinley was
in office. He signed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898,
largely as a result of the US’s desire to establish a military
base in the Pacific, a strategic location against the Spanish
and the newly developing Spanish-American War.
Queen Liliuokalani’s Legacy
In 1893, to avoid physical conflict, Queen
Liliuokalani yielded her throne and signed a formal
abdication in exchange for pardoning of all of her
supporters who were imprisoned after the revolt. In
1895; however, she was imprisoned for eight months in
‘Iolani Palace for her alleged knowledge of a counter
revolutionary attempt by her supporters. She denied the
allegations. She was eventually released and spent the
remainder of her years in service to her fellow Hawaiians.
She died on November 11, 1917.
To Avoid any Collision of Armed Forces
I, Liliuokalani, by the grace of God and under the constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly
protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by
certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this Kingdom. That I yield to the
superior force of the United States of America, whose minister plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has
caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the said Provisional
Government.
Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do, under this protest and impelled by said
forces, yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented
to it, undo the action of its representative and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional
sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.
Done at Honolulu, this 17th day of January, A. D. 1893.
(Signed) Liliuokalani R.
(Signed) Samuel Parker, Minister of Foreign Affairs.
(Signed) Wm. H. Cornwell, Minister of Finance.
(Signed) John F. Colburn, Minister of Interior.
(Signed) A. P. Peterson, Attorney-General.
(Addressed) To S. B. Dole, Esq., and others composing the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands.
Expansion
By the early 20th century, many Americans
believed the U.S. had to expand. An increase in
US population, wealth, and industrial production
demanded more resources. America wanted
more raw materials and markets in which to sell
their goods. Some feared existing resources in
the U.S. might eventually dry up
Foreign Trade
Foreign trade was becoming increasingly
important to American economy in late 19th c.
Americans considered acquiring new colonies to
expand markets further. There was a desire to
compete with Europe for overseas empires.
Between 1870 and 1900, Europeans had taken
over 1/5 of land and 1/10 of the population of
the world.
Imperialism
Germany became America’s biggest
imperialist foe and largely spurred U.S. into
imperialism; Germany sought colonies in Africa,
Asia, Latin America & Caribbean. The U.S.
believed it could not afford to lose potential
resources and markets to foreign governments.
It had to expand or lose strength to the
expansion of foreign powers like England, France
and Germany.
Spiritually Enlightened
Many believed it was the responsibility of
a spiritually enlightened America to spread
religion & democratic values to backward
peoples.
Social Darwinism
There were proponents of Social
Darwinism who proposed that Earth belonged
to the strong and fit. Stronger nations
dominating weak ones was part of natural law.
If the U.S. was to survive in competition of
modern states, it too would have to become an
imperial power.
Control of the Sea
Men in power believed that control of the sea
was the key to world dominance.
They believed the U.S. should build a large navy and
build defensive bases and refueling stations
strategically placed throughout the world’s oceans.
Part of this belief included the strategic taking
over of the Hawaiian and other Pacific islands and
advocated the U.S. building of a canal across the
isthmus of Central America to link Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans.
90% of Africa
Seven European nations controlled over
90% of the continent. Africa was an economic
gold mine, sometimes quite literally with gold in
South Africa, diamonds, rubber, and coffee.
Spanish American War
Apr 1898
It was a conflict between Spain and the
United States. The main issue was Cuban
independence. The 10 week war was fought both in
the Caribbean and the Pacific. The Spanish
American war was the first war fought overseas by
the United States, though the U.S. had supported
the ongoing struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the
Philippines for independence against Spanish rule.
Cuba
The war originated in the Cuban struggle
for independence from Spain, which began in
February 1895. Spain's brutally repressive
measures to halt the rebellion were graphically
portrayed for the U.S. public by several
sensational newspapers, and American
sympathy for the rebels rose.
Battleship USS Maine
The growing popular demand for U.S.
intervention exploded after the unexplained sinking
in the Havana, Cuba harbor of the battleship USS
Maine on Feb. 15, 1898, which had been sent to
protect U.S. citizens and property after anti-Spanish
rioting in Havana. The U.S. Congress soon
afterward issued resolutions that declared Cuba's
right to independence, demanded the withdrawal
of Spain's armed forces from the island, and
authorized the President's use of force to secure
that withdrawal, while renouncing any U.S. design
for annexing Cuba.
War
Spain declared war on the United States on
April 24, followed by a U.S. declaration of war on
the 25th, which was made retroactive to April
21. The ensuing war was pathetically one-sided,
since Spain had readied neither its army nor its
navy for a distant war with the formidable
power of the United States.
Manila Bay
The Battle of Manila Bay
The Battle of Manila Bay occurred on the morning
of May 1, 1898, only days after war had been declared
between Spain and the United States. The objective of
the American forces was to attack, and hopefully destroy,
the Spanish forces in the Pacific. This would protect the
American Pacific coast, and keep the Spanish forces in
Cuba from being reinforced. The battle was a complete
victory. It ended any threat from the Spanish naval forces
involved. All major Spanish ships were destroyed or
captured, without any significant damage occurring to the
American Forces. No American lives were lost in the
battle.
Dying from Disease
Although the US defeated the Spanish
army, disease came close to defeating the US
Army. Malaria, typhoid, dysentery, and yellow
fever were plaguing American troops who were
fighting in the tropics for the first time. In all,
while the Spanish only killed about 400
American soldiers, around 5,000 US soldiers
died from disease.
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris which was signed Dec.
10, 1898 officially ended the Spanish-American
War. Spain renounced all claim to Cuba, ceded
Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and
transferred sovereignty over the Philippines to
the United States for $20,000,000. Cuba
became formally independent in 1902.
US Interest in the Phillipines
The US sought colonies as outlets for their
finished goods and as sources of raw materials for
their extractive economies. American imperialists,
though, wanted colonies that would serve to keep
foreign markets accessible and open, not colonies
that would be the markets themselves. The
Philippines (colonies of Spain at the time) were
important not only for a population of 7 million, but
because the islands provided room for a naval base
from which the US could protect its business
interests in Japan and China.
Annex
The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex
the Philippines was not without domestic
controversy. Americans who advocated
annexation evinced a variety of motivations:
desire for commercial opportunities in Asia,
concern that the Filipinos were incapable of selfrule, and fear that if the United States did not
take control of the islands, another power (such
as Germany or Japan) might do so.
Role in America
Meanwhile, American opposition to U.S.
colonial rule of the Philippines came in many
forms, ranging from those who thought it
morally wrong for the United States to be
engaged in colonialism, to those who feared
that annexation might eventually permit the
non-white Filipinos to have a role in American
national government.
Commonwealth
In 1935, the Philippines was granted
commonwealth status, meaning they could self-govern.
Plans for independence over the next decade were
interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire
invaded and established a puppet government in the
Philippines. Many atrocities and war crimes were
committed during the war such as the Bataan Death
March and the Manila massacre that culminated during
the Battle of Manila. Allied troops defeated the Japanese
in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated over a
million Filipinos had died. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines
attained its independence.[
Boxer Rebellion
In spring of 1900, Boxers (made up of Chinese religious
minded men) attacked Western missionaries and traders
in northern China, killing more than 200 people. The
uprising was supported by some government officials. .
One of the causes of the rebellion was Chinese discontent
was the Christian missionaries, both Protestant and
Catholic, who came to China in ever increasing numbers.
The exemption of missionaries from various laws angered
the local Chinese. In addition, China had been suffering
from extreme natural disasters, including draught and
then mass flooding which caused food shortages and
other difficulties.
Response to Boxer Rebellion
Foreign countries responded by sending troops
to China. After eight weeks, the international force
rescued the foreigners. A number of countries: AustriaHungary, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Russia
and the United States formed what was called the
Eight-Nation Alliance and fought against China’s
rebellion.
Roosevelt Corollary
The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the
Monroe Doctrine. President Teddy Roosevelt's
extension of 1904 asserted a right of the US to
intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of
small states in the Caribbean and Central
America and was used essentially to keep
Europe out of the affairs of the area.
Right to Exercise Force
The Roosevelt Corollary argued that the United
States had the right to exercise military force in
Latin American countries in order to keep
European countries out.
Historical Perspective
Historian Walter LaFeber wrote:
Under the doctrine, [the United States] could exercise
police power to keep the Europeans out of Latin America and
the Caribbean. It becomes very important, because over the
next 15 to 20 years, the United States will move into Latin
America about a dozen times with military force; it leads the
United States into a period of confrontation with peoples in
the Caribbean and Central America, that was a really
important part of American imperialism.
U.S. Presidents cited the Roosevelt Corollary as
justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba (1906–1909),
Nicaragua (1909–1910, 1912–1925 and 1926–1933), Haiti
(1915–1934), and the Dominican Republic (1916–1924).
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is a 48 mile ship canal in
Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the
Pacific ocean. It is a key conduit for international
maritime trade.
Under Columbian Control
Since 1819, Panama had been part of the
federation and country of Colombia, but when
Colombia rejected the United States’ plans to
build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, the
U.S. supported a revolution. This led to the
independence of Panama in 1903 and in 1904
the transferring of ownership of the area for the
future Panama Canal to US control.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was a treaty
signed by the United States and Panama, that
established the Panama Canal Zone and the
subsequent construction of the Panama Canal.
Building of the Canal
Although the French had attempted
construction of a canal in the 1880s, the Panama
Canal was successfully built by the United States
from 1904 to 1914. The U.S. held the area land
running the approximately 50 miles across the
isthmus of Panama, the area of the canal.
Walter Reed and Malaria
Walter Reed, a pathologist and biologist working
for the US Army, began groundbreaking work into the
causes of yellow fever that began as a result of the
Spanish-American War. Previously, it had been believed
that the fever was spread through material like clothing
and bedding. Reed discovered that yellow fever was
actually caused by a certain mosquito's bite. The
discovery of a way to eliminate mosquito infestation with
chemical sprays virtually made possible the building of
the Panama Canal, which had been previously deemed
impossible because of deaths of workers from yellow
fever
The Canal
The canal makes the trip from the east coast to the
west coast of the U.S. much shorter than the route taken
around the tip of South America prior to 1914.
Though traffic continues to increase through the canal,
many oil supertankers and military battleships and aircraft
carriers can not fit through the canal. There's even a class of
ships known as "Panamax," those built to the maximum
capacity of the Panama canal and its locks.
It takes approximately fifteen hours to traverse the canal
through its three sets of locks (about half the time is spent
waiting due to traffic). Ships passing through the canal from
the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean actually move from
the northwest to the southeast, due to the east-west
orientation of the Isthmus of Panama.
Control of the Canal Zone
US control of the canal zone of Panama
caused tension throughout the twentieth
century. Additionally, the self-contained Canal
Zone (the official name for the U.S. territory in
Panama) contributed little to the Panamanian
economy. The residents of the Canal Zone were
primarily U.S. citizens and West Indians who
worked in the Zone and on the canal.
Protests in 1960’s
Anger flared in the 1960s and led to antiAmerican riots. The U.S. and Panamanian
governments began to work together to solve
the territorial issue. In 1977, U.S. President
Jimmy Carter signed a treaty which agreed to
return 60% of the Canal Zone to Panama in
1979. The canal and remaining territory, known
as the Canal Area, was returned to Panama at
noon (local Panama time) on December 31,
1999.
Puerto Rico
Last Two Spanish Colonies
Throughout most of the 19th century until
the conclusion of the Spanish–American War,
Puerto Rico and Cuba were the last two Spanish
colonies in the New World; they served as
Spain's final outposts in a strategy to regain
control of the American continents. These two
possessions, however, had been demanding
more autonomy and had pro-independence
movements since the start of the movements in
1808.
Commonwealth Territory
In 1898, during the Spanish–American war, Puerto Rico was
invaded and subsequently became a possession of the United States.
Puerto Rico is a commonwealth (unincorporated dependent
territory) of the United States, even today. Puerto Ricans gained full
U.S. citizenship in 1917, when the island became a U.S. territory.
Much of the population moved from rural areas to the cities,
as the importance of industry grew. Starting in the 1920s, Puerto
Ricans began traveling to cities such as New York looking for
employment.
Currently, the future of Puerto Rico is hotly debated. Will it
become a state? Gain independence? Remain a commonwealth? What
do you think is the best option for Puerto Rico?
Dollar Diplomacy
It was a term used to describe the effort of the
United States, particularly under President William
Howard Taft to further its aims in Latin America and east
Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing
loans made to foreign countries.
It was the policy of actively encouraging American
investments abroad with the object not only of earning
profits but of promoting economic and political stability
in the areas of investment and thereby world peace. As
Taft put it, he was substituting "dollars for bullets."
Standard 4: Objective 2
Objective 2:
Examine how World War I affected the military and the home front of
the United
States.
a. Identify major causes of World War I and the United States’
involvement and influence
in the war; e.g., Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the Versailles Treaty.
b. Determine the reasons the United States Senate refused to join the
League of Nations.
c. Examine the impact World War I had on the United States; e.g.,
government policy, industrial might, civil liberties.
WWI Begins in Europe
World War I began on July 28, 1914, when
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Serbians
had assassinated the heir to the throne in AustriaHungary, because he was proposing making part of
his empire areas that were largely populated by
Serbian people. This seemingly small conflict
between two countries spread rapidly: soon,
Germany, Russia, Great Britain, and France were all
drawn into the war, largely because they were
involved in treaties that obligated them to defend
certain other nations.
Central vs. Allied
The Central
Powers — Germany,
Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, and the
Ottoman Empire
(Turkey), also
Mesopotamia
(modern day Iraq)
were up against the
Allied Powers —
principally Great
Britain, France, Russia,
and Serbia, also
Belgium, Japan, Italy)
Japan
Japan joined the Allied cause in August
1914, in hopes of seizing German possessions in
the Pacific and expanding Japanese influence in
China.
Italy
Italy entered the war in 1915 on the side of
Britain and France, because they had agreed to
Italian territorial demands in a secret treaty (the
Treaty of London).
US In and Russia Out
In 1917, the United States, angered by
attacks upon its ships in the Atlantic, declared
war on Germany. Then, in November, the
Bolshevik Revolution (which led to Lenin’s
Communist Russia) prompted Russia to pull out
of the war.
Offensives
Although both sides launched renewed
offensives in 1918 in an all-or-nothing effort to
win the war, both efforts failed. A deadly
outbreak of influenza (the flu), meanwhile, took
heavy tolls on soldiers of both sides.
Trench Warfare
The middle part of the war, 1916 and
1917, was dominated by continued trench
warfare in both the east and the west. Soldiers
fought from dug-in positions, striking at each
other with machine guns, heavy artillery, and
chemical weapons. Though soldiers died by the
millions in brutal conditions, neither side had
any substantive success or gained any
advantage.
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points were
first outlined in a speech Wilson gave to the
American Congress in January 1918. Wilson's
Fourteen Points became the basis for a peace
program, and it was on the back of the Fourteen
Points that Germany and her allies agreed to an
armistice in November 1918. Wilson was
awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, for his
peace-making efforts.
Points #1 through #7
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia.
Russia should be left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Points #8 through #14
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine (territory).
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearly
recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the
Balkan states.
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government.
Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial
independence of all states.
Fourteen Points vs. Treaty of Versailles
President Wilson became physically ill at the
beginning of the Paris Peace Conference, giving way
to French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to
advance demands substantially different from
Wilson's Fourteen Points. The result was the Treaty
of Versailles which attributed the blame for the war
on the nation of Germany, known as the War Guilt
Clause and added large amounts of reparations
(pay back for war costs) Resentment over these
changes and the blaming of Germany according to
historians led to the rise of Nazi Germany and
WWII.
War Ended
The war ended in the late fall of 1918,
after the member countries of the Central
Powers signed armistice agreements one by
one. Austria-Hungary was broken up into several
smaller countries. Germany, under the Treaty of
Versailles, was severely punished with hefty
economic reparations, territorial losses, and
strict limits on its rights to develop militarily.
Post-War Borders
The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919,
determined post-war borders from Europe to
the Middle East, established the League of
Nations as an international peace organization
and punished Germany for its aggression with
reparations and the loss of territory.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles: Territories
(selected points)_
Alsace Lorraine, captured by Germany in 1870, was returned to France.
The Saar, an important German coalfield, was to be given to France for 15
years, after which a plebiscite would decide ownership.
Poland became an independent country with a 'route to the sea', a corridor of
land cutting Germany in two.
Danzig, a major port in East Prussia (Germany) was to be under international
rule.
All German and Turkish Colonies were taken away and put under Allied
control.
Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Czechoslovakia were made independent.
Austria-Hungary was split up and Yugoslavia was created.
Treaty of Versailles: Arms
(selected points)
The left bank of the Rhine was to be occupied by Allied forces and the
right bank demilitarized.
The German army was cut to 100,000 men.
Wartime weapons were to be scrapped.
The German Navy was cut to 36 ships and no submarines.
Germany was banned from having an Air Force
An anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria was banned.
How Europe Changed
http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/index.php
Map After WWI
League of Nations
The League of Nations came into being
after the end of World War One. The League of
Nation's task was simple - to ensure that war
never broke out again. After the turmoil caused
by the Versailles Treaty, many looked to the
League to bring stability to the world.
Switzerland
The League of Nations was to be based in
Geneva, Switzerland. This choice was natural as
Switzerland was a neutral country and had not
fought in World War One. No one could dispute
this choice especially as an international
organization such as the Red Cross was already
based in Switzerland.
Germany
Germany was not allowed to join the
League in 1919. As Germany had started the
war, according to the Treaty of Versailles, one of
her punishments was that she was not
considered to be a member of the international
community and, therefore, she was not invited
to join.
Russia
Russia was also not allowed to join as in
1917, she had a communist government that
generated fear in western Europe, and in 1918,
the Russian royal family - the Romanovs - was
murdered. Such a country could not be allowed
to take its place in the League.
US Isolationism
Many people in the US wanted to stay out of the
problems of Europe, and concentrate on getting back to
normal after the war. This was called ‘Isolationism’.
America didn't want to have to ship its troops half way
across the world for disputes that didn't concern them. It
didn't want to risk its economy or any more American
lives after the losses of WWI. Although President Wilson
had advocated for the League of Nations, the Republicans
wanted to return to Isolationism - being an independent
country and not involving itself in other countries affairs.
The US therefore refused to sign its agreement to the
League of Nations and did not join.
Little Success
The League of Nations’ ineffectiveness was
revealed by its incapability of dealing with
nations which were starting conflicts and wars.
Perhaps as a direct consequence of its
ineffectiveness, the world fought the Second
World War, starting on September 1, 1939,
when Germany invaded Poland. The League of
Nations ceased to exist in 1946; however, its
efforts led the way for the United Nations of
today.
Excessive Punishment Leads to WWII
Many historians, in hindsight, believe that the
Allies were excessive in their punishment of
Germany and that the harsh Treaty of Versailles
actually planted the seeds of World War II,
rather than foster peace. Tragically, the
instability caused by World War I would help
make possible the rise of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler
and would, only two decades later, lead to a
second devastating international conflict.
The United Nations
The United Nations is an international
organization founded in 1945 after the Second
World War by 51 countries committed to
maintaining international peace and security,
developing friendly relations among nations and
promoting social progress, better living
standards and human rights.
For more information:
http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml
Currently
There are currently 192 Members of the
United Nations. They meet in the General
Assembly, which is the closest thing to a world
parliament. Each country, large or small, rich or
poor, has a single vote, however, none of the
decisions taken by the Assembly are binding.
Nevertheless, the Assembly's decisions become
resolutions that carry the weight of world
governmental opinion.
Headquarters
The United Nations Headquarters is in New York
City but the land and buildings are international territory.
The United Nations has its own flag, its own post office
and its own postage stamps. Six official languages are
used at the United Nations - Arabic, Chinese, English,
French, Russian and Spanish. The UN European
Headquarters is in the Palais des Nations, Geneva,
Switzerland. It has offices in Vienna, Austria and
Economic Commissions in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia,
Amman in Jordan, Bangkok in Thailand and Santiago in
Chile. The senior officer of the United Nations Secretariat
is the Secretary-General.
Resolve Conflicts
The United Nations is not a world
government and it does not make laws. It does,
however, provide the means to help resolve
international conflicts and formulate policies on
matters affecting all of us. At the UN, all the
Member States — large and small, rich and poor,
with differing political views and social systems
— have a voice and a vote in this process.
Six Parts
The United Nations has six main organs.
Five of them — the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic and Social
Council, the Trusteeship Council and the
Secretariat — are based at UN Headquarters in
New York. The sixth, the International Court of
Justice, is located at The Hague in the
Netherlands.
How it Works
Check out this quick YouTube video prepared by
RMIT University: How does the United Nations
work? (excellent)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoIafzc0k74
United Nations for Kids
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0baMsmuR29Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evVmysydR-k
c.
Examine the impact World War I had on the
United States; e.g., government policy,
industrial might, civil liberties.
Civil Liberties
War time brought new changes to civil
liberties. New laws were enacted that required
military service and limited anti-war sentiment.
Selective Service Act 1917
The Selective Service Act of 1917 was set up to place
each man in his proper niche in a national war effort. The act
established a "liability for military service of all male citizens";
authorized a selective draft of all those between twenty-one
and thirty-one years of age (later from eighteen to forty-five);
and prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or
purchase of exemptions.
Administration was entrusted to local boards
composed of leading civilians in each community. These
boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a
national lottery and determined exemptions. In 1917 and
1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3
million inducted into the military services.
Espionage Act 1917
The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of
1918 attempted to punish enemy activity and extended
to the punishment expressions of doubt about America's
role in the war.
The Sedition Act criminalized any expression of
opinion that used "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive
language" about the U.S. government, flag or armed
forces.
Government police action, private vigilante groups
and public war hysteria compromised the civil liberties of
many Americans who disagreed with Wilson's policies.
American Protective League
The private American Protective League,
working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation,
was one of many private patriotic associations
that sprang up to support the war and at the
same time identified slackers, spies, draft
dodgers and anti-war organizations.
The US Produces War Goods
Although the US had at first declared
neutrality by 1918, the US had mobilized its
economy and manpower in support of Word War I.
The US contributed over 4,000,000 military
personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including
43,000 due to the influenza pandemic. WWI
prompted a dramatic expansion of the US
government in an effort to harness the war effort
and a significant increase in the size of the US
military. Entry into the war in 1917 unleashed
massive U.S. federal spending which shifted
national production from civilian to war goods.
USS North Carolina
USS Ericson
War Goods
Shipbuilding increased at an amazing rate,
increasing employment under government
direction. Industrial production increased about 20
percent. By the end of the war, Americans had
turned out a half-million rifles, 3.5 billion bullets,
and 20 million artillery shells. In October 1917
Congress passed the War Revenue Act, which raised
income taxes, and there were some increases on
corporations, alcohol, and cigarette taxes. The
government also sold Liberty Bonds, which is
similar to loaning money to the government - 21
million Americans participated!
Work or Fight
The National War Labor Board was created
to deal with disputes between management and
labor. A popular slogan was "Work or Fight".
Labor leaders pledged their support for the war
effort, and union membership rose.
Patriotic Feelings
The Committee on Public Information was
created to garner support for the war. The
government called on people's patriotic feelings
in order to gain support
Defense Bonds
Defense Bonds or War Bonds as they were
known as after WWII were first introduced
during World War I. They were known as Liberty
Bonds. Citizens would purchase bonds from the
federal government. At a designated date,
citizens could redeem their bonds for the
purchase price plus interest. It was a way for
the govenrment to raise money for World War I.
Slacker
Slogans abounded, such as "Buy Bonds Till
It Hurts" and "Come Across or the Kaiser Will."
Anyone who did not support the war effort was
called a "slacker." Strong-arm tactics, with
threats of being picked up by the "slacker
wagon" or being ridiculed in public, were used
to force citizens to buy bonds.
Economize
The Food Administration under Herbert
Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach
Americans to economize on their food budgets
and grow the victory gardens in their backyards.
It managed the nation's food distribution and
prices.[
Food
One of the most important tasks on the
home front was to produce enough food not
only for the soldiers in Europe and in the United
States, but for American families and starving
people in Allied nations. Thousands of
Americans went to work on farms, increasing
the nation's agricultural output by 25%.
Victory Gardens
President Wilson started the Food
Administration, guided by Herbert Hoover. The
administrations raised crop prices to encourage
production. Hoover also favored voluntary
assistance, asking Americans to "Use All left-overs"
and have "Wheatless Mondays and Wednesdays",
"Meatless Tuesdays", and "Porkless Thursdays".
Americans were also encouraged to plant “Liberty
or Victory Gardens" at home for their own personal
use - there was even one at the White House
Women of Gates Rubber Company
Liberty Garden 1914
Liberty Garden Outside Chicago
Liberty Garden outside Rochester, New York
Liberty Garden in Cleveland, Ohio
Women and African-Americans
After America entered into the war in Europe,
thousands of men were deployed overseas, and
a great portion of that number was killed. With
so many casualties and many more men serving
abroad, the brunt of the production in factories
were left to the women and African-Americans
left in the U.S.
Factory Work for Women
From the production of ammunition and
military products to household goods, about
one million women worked long hours in
factories fulfilling the jobs usually held for men
only.
Given a Chance
Women were given a chance to do many
different kinds of jobs that they were not able to
do before the war. During WWI, women worked
as streetcar conductors, labored in munitions
plants, toiled on farms, and delivered the mail.
Women were even hired by police departments.
The women were gaining independence and
helped foster the emerging feminist movement.
Women Inspecting Amunitions
Women Telephone Operators
Posters Supporting Women's Efforts
Womens’ Organizations
Women joined organizations that cared for wounded
soldiers, and also the victims of the 1918 influenza pandemic.
One of these organizations included the American Red Cross,
which was instrumental during America’s time of need. Some
women worked abroad with the Red Cross while others stayed
at home supplying the organization. Many women worked as
nurses in the Red Cross performing duties such as rolling
bandages, knitting socks, and working in military hospitals
taking care of wounded soldiers. Women also organized clubs
and canteens for soldiers on leave, as well as drove
ambulances across battlefields . Women also helped with the
recruitment of men in America by encouraging other women
to outcast any man who had not joined the war.
Short Film on Women’s Efforts in WWI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOLlDSbe4y8
Opportunities Gone at War’s End
American women were essential to the
war effort, working on the home front and
overseas. Women filled many of the vacancies
left by soldiers involved in the war, even though
they were still paid less than men. While this
was another step toward equality, women found
most of the employment opportunities gone
once the war ended..
African Americans
Many Americans, especially African
Americans, moved to northern cities. This
"Great Migration" of African Americans led to
many finding better paying jobs in war
industries. However, they also ran into prejudice
and violence due to job competition.
Anti-Immigrant Feelings
Many Americans developed anti-immigrant feelings,
especially to those of German descent. Americans with
German sounding names lost their jobs, orchestras refused to
play music by Brahms, Beethoven, Bach, and Mozart and
some towns changed their names. There were some examples
of physical violence against German Americans as well,
including one lynching. Schools stopped teaching German,
librarians took German books off the shelves, and a certain
school in Milwaukee changed its name from the German
Academy. Even every day items changed names - German
measles became "Liberty measles", hamburgers "Salisbury
steak" or" liberty sandwiches", sauerkraut was known as
"liberty cabbage", and dachshunds were called "liberty pups".
Economic Slowdown
During the period after World War I,
United States was facing an economic
slowdown. All of the businesses that
manufactured and sold war supplies were
suddenly out of business because since the war
was no longer going on there were no more
customers.
Lay Off Workers
The companies soon started to lay off
workers. The first people to get lay off were
African Americans, other minorities, and
women.
Vote
On January 10, 1918, the new change in women
finally helped gained the right to vote but as
soon as the war was over the good jobs that
they had gained for the first time in their lives
were take away from them.
Peacetime Economy
During World War One, they had lived
under many kinds of restrictions. The federal
government had controlled railroads, shipping,
and industrial production. At the end of the war,
these controls were lifted. Industries that had
been making war supplies began making
products for a peacetime economy.
The peanut butter and jelly sandwich became
famous in 1922.