A Princeton Review Practice Test
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Transcript A Princeton Review Practice Test
A Princeton Review
Practice Test
And answer explanations
1. IA/which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of all
early civilizations?
(A) Written communication
(B) Agricultural surplus
(C) Some economic specialization
(D) Water resources
(E) Use of tools
1.A
This question is a broad generalization about early societies. Remember to read the
question
carefully because you need to eliminate the four answer choices that are characteristics of
early societies. And, be careful when you see the word all-that means you should be
critically
searching for the exception to the rule. The correct answer is (A). Not all early societies
developed
written communications. For example, while Sumer and Mesopotamia had a system
of writing, pre-Columbian civilizations such as the Inca did not. You should use POE to get
rid of (B) and (D). The Neolithic Revolution brought about sweeping changes in technology
that allowed for irrigated agricultural activities in river valleys. (C) is not the correct
answer
because as permanent settlements arose, some people worked primarily as farmers, while
others worked on monument building or as artisans. (E) isn't the answer either, because
tools
were essential to civilizations' development.
2. "The books of those heresiarchs...are absolutely
forbidden. The books of other heretics, however,
which deal professedly with religion are absolutely
condemned. Those on the other hand, which do not
deal with religion...are permitted. Likewise, Catholic
books written by those who afterward fell into
heresy...may be permitted..."
source: internet Modern History Sourcebook, Council of Trent,
"Rules on Prohibited Books."
Why was the above ruling issued by the Council of
Trent in 1545 ?
(A) It was part of establishing the king of England
as head of the Anglican Church.
(B) It was a response to the scientific advances
made by Copernicus and Galileo.
(C) It was part of the reforms to Roman
Catholicism called for by Luther and Calvin.
(D) It was part of the strict behavioral code
endorsed by Calvinists.
(E) It was an attempt during the Catholic
Reformation to respond to Protestantism
EThe Council of Trent (1545) was an attempt by the
Roman Catholic Church to institute its own
"reformation." The Council upheld many of the
church's practices and beliefs (in opposition to
Protestant faiths). However, it did outlaw, some of the
more heinous practices, such as selling
indulgences
Using POE, you can eliminate (A), (C), and (D)
because Luther, Calvin, and the Anglican
Church were all Protestant. (B) is a smart guess, yet
while Copemicus and Galileo did come
up against strong church opposition, the Council of
Trent's edict was written before either of
those scientists published their works.
3. \A/which of these were considered
the Gunpowder
Empires in the Islamic world?
(A) Ming China, Mughal lndia, Seljuk
Turks
(B) Tokugawa Shogunate, Ming
China, Yuan China
(C) Ottoman Turkey, Delhi Sultanate,
Khmer
Cambodia
(D) Safavid Persia, Ottoman Turkey,
Mughal India
(E) Aryan India, Mughal India, Delhi
Sultanate
DEven if you are not sure what a Gunpowder Empire is, the question asks you
about something
that pertains to the Islamic world. Using this information, eliminate any answer
choices that
include non-Muslim empires. Ming China was not Muslim, and neither was
Aryan India, so
get rid of (A), (B), and (E).
The Gunpowder Empires are associated with nations who had been able to take
advantage of
new military technologies. Those who had guns included the following:
The Czars of Muskovy Russia
The Ottoman Turks
The Tokugawa Shogunate
Safavid Persia
Mughal lndia
The Ming Dynasty
The Spanish and the Portuguese
4. All of the following were features of the
civilizations
in Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica, the Indus
River Valley,
and the Yellow River Valley EXCEPT
(A) a degree of craft specialization
(B) development of irrigation systems
(C) construction of architectural monuments
(D) religious systems that included sacrifice
rituals
(E) gendered division of labor
D\{while Mesoamerican religious rites were known to
include sacrifice, the ceremonial use of
sacrifice in the other civilizations is either unknown or
untrue. To use POE on an EXCEPT
question, first remember that you need to eliminate
the four features that are true of all of the
societies mentioned. You can get rid of (B) because
all of these early societies developed ways
to provide a constant source of water for agriculture.
Likewise, they all developed specialization
in craftwork, built monuments (pyramids, temples,
ziggwats), and divided labor duties
by gender, so (A), (C), and (E) are also not the right
answer.
5. Which of the following statements about the rule of
Peter the Great is accurate?
(A) Under Peter the Great, Russia became a strong
military nation but failed to modernize or
industrialize.
(B) Peter the Great was able to build a strong,
centralized government based on militaristic
principles.
(C) The lives of ordinary Russian citizens were
greatly improved as a result of the Western
influences imported by Peter the Great.
(D) Peter the Great was considered the first
enlightened despot in the history of Russia.
(E) Peter the Great faced a socialist revolt that led
ultimately to his execution
BPeter the Great modernized eighteenth-century Russia by adopting Westernstyle culture and
ideas, establishing a central bureaucratic govemment, building a strong
military, and increasing
agricultural and industrial productivity. He was also a strict dictatorial ruler,
willing to
use force to achieve his ends.
Using POE, you can eliminate (A)because Peter's economic reforms were
successful, and (D)
because Peter the Great could noi be considered categorically enlightened
during his rule. (C)
is also incorrect because ordinary citizens' lives were not greatly improved.
There were few
civil rights, increased restrictions were placed on organized religion, and
people in the lower
classes still had few opportunities to improve their status. If the story in (E)
sounds familiar,
that was Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia-not Peter.
6. The factors destabilizing the balance of power in
Europe in the late 1800s and early 1900s included all
of the following EXCEPT
(A) the strong sense of nationalism held by many
European nations
(B) European colonial rivalries in Africa and Asia
(C) German aggression on the continent under
Bismarck
(D) the rise of socialist and communist movements
in European nations
(E) imperial nations 'refusal to allow selfdetermination
for subject peoples
DAlthough socialism and communism were on the rise in the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth
centuries, they were not factors that destabilized the balance of power. They were
certainly factors that led to the destabilization of internal developments in countries like
Russia near the end of World War I, but during the time period in question, European
balance
of power was more greatly impacted by the developments listed in the other four answer
choices.
Using POE, you can eliminate any answer choice that describes a reason that one country
became more or less powerful ttrin another country in Europe during the late 1800s. You
should definitely know that nationalism was impacting the balance of power, so eliminate
(A). Nationalism led to unification in Italy and Germany, for example. The newly unified
country of Germany quickly became an industrial power and eyed its neighbors enviously,
so eliminate (C). The European powers also eagerly gobbled up Africa and Asia, extending
their collective influence across the globe even as they individually competed with each
other
and felt threatened by the increasing size of each others 'empires, so get rid of (B). The
subject
peoples of the Ottoman Empire and Austro--Hungarian Empires, in particular, channeled
their
sense of nationalism into sometimes violent attacks against the imperial authorities.
7. \A/which of the following terms is NOT
associated 11.
with the Cold War?
(A) Brinkmanship
(B) Peaceful coexistence
(C) Mutual assured destruction
(D) Appeasement
(E) Containment
DUsing POE, remember that (A),brinksmanship,refers to the period when each
side brandished
its massive powers in a game of military chicken, such as in Cuba. (B),
peaceful coexistence, is
also a Cold War term. Based on the recognition that the world was never going
to be 100 percent
democratic or communist, either way, the goal was to peacefully coexist (fully
armed, of
course), because the alternative was (C),mutual assured destruction, which
justified the massive
investment in weapons and war machines on both sides of the conflict. The
U.S. went to war
in Korea, Vietnam, and other places to prevent the spread of communism, a
policy known as
(E), containment. (D), appeasement, was the term used to describe European
leaders 'willingness
to allow Adolf Hitler to seize territory in Europe without repercussions prior to
World War II'
8Amajor difference between Spanish and French
colonization efforts was
(A) only the Spanish were interested in resource
extraction in their colonies
(B) while Spain sent expeditions around the world,
French exploration was limited to North
America
(C) the French did not form as many permanent .
settlements in their colonies as the Spanish
(D) the French were less successful than the
Spanish at religious conversion of people in
their colonies
(E) the French were more interested than the
Spanish in land-based expansion
CIn general, all Europeans played the colonization game for the same reasons:
wealth, power,
and racial and religious superiority. However, while the Spanish established
large, permanent
settlements in their colonies and encouraged Spaniards to move to the
Americas through land
grants, the French either had less success or less interest in these activities.
Using POE, you can eliminate (A) because everyone was interested in resource
extractions. You
can also eliminate (B) once you recall that France also held colonies in Africa
(Guinea, Upper
Volta, and Congo) and Southeast Asia (Indochina), plus "shared custody" of
Lydia for a time.
The French encountered fewer natives than the Spanish because their mode of
colonization
usually did not involve expansive land-based development, meaning the
French may even
have converted a larger percentage of the (smaller number of) natives they
encountered-so
cross out (D) and (E).
9One major difference between European and Japanese
feudalism during the Middle Ages was that
(A) there was no ]Japanese equivalent to the
position of the European lord
(B) European feudalism was far more militaristic
than ]Japanese feudalism
(C) while Japanese emperors maintained power
during feudalism, European kings were
symbolic leaders only
(D) there were far fewer agricultural workers in the
Japanese feudal system than in the European
system
(E) there was more potential for upward mobility
for peasants in the Japanese feudal system
D Feudalism was the primary political system in western Europe, and Japan during the
medieval
period. Its main characteristics was a decentralized power structure that stressed alliances
between nobles and monarchs. The main difference between Japanese and European
feudalism
was that the size of the peasant population in |apan was considerably smaller than that
in European nations.
Use POE and common sense to eliminate (B). (Think of one word: samurai.) (A) is not the
correct
answer because there was a hierarchy of power in Japan similar to that in Europe. The
Japanese daimyo wassimilartotheEuropeanlard. (C) isalsoincorrect. InbothEuropeand
lapan, feudalism represented a decentralized system of governance, and, in both, the
power
of the ruler was inextricably tied to the bonds he forged with lords. In ]apan, the emperor
probably had even less power with the rise of the shogunate (a military government).
Upward
mobility did not characterize the lot of peasants under either Japanese or European
feudalism,
so eliminate (E).
10The Glorious Revolution was unique because it
(A) was a movement that began in the peasant
and
farmer classes
(B) was the first time England had seen a leader
deposed
was the first instance of the removal of a sitting
monarch
resulted in Europe's first completely secular
govemment
did not involve a significant amount of
violence
EThe Glorious Revolution (1688) represented a change in political power that
occurred as a
result of a peaceful coup. James II, the Catholic brother of Charles II,
dissolved Parliament
over religious differences. Parliamentary leaders led an uprising against James,
and, in his
place, installed a dual monarchy held by James' Protestant daughtel, Mary, and
her husband,
William.
Using POE, you can immediately eliminate (C)because wars of succession were
the norm in
many European nations. It certainly wasn't the first tirne a monarch had ever
been deposed,
so it isn't (B). (A) is incorrect because the movement started with Parliament.
(D) is also incorfect
because the new government was not secular-it replaced a Catholic monarchy
with a
Protestant one.
11.The globalization of American culture has
resulted
in
(A) anti-Western backlash in some developing
nations
(B) increased access to health care and
education
(C) additional tariffs on American-made goods
(D) more cultural tolerance around the world
(E) an increase in quality of life in all nations
AMake sure you read the question carefully. While certain
Western knowledge and technology
have probably contributed to better health care and education,
(B), this is not a by-produit
of the spread of American culture. American culture is responsible
for the proliferation of
fast food restaurants in Kenya and weekly broadcasts of
Baywatch in Russia. The influence of
multinational corporations also spreads Western culture. And, in a
significant number of
nations, Western culture has replaced, or conflicts with, religion
and local culture. Protests at
World Bank meetings and acts of terrorism against Western
interests are some of the ways in
which this anti-American backlash has been expressed. But
wouldn't it be nice if (D) and (E)
were true?
12. The major impact of the Delhi Sultanate on
India
was the
(A) introduction of a new'religion into Indian
culture
(B) decline in importance of sub-Saharan trade
routes
(C) elimination of the caste system
(D) decline in importance of overland trade
routes
(E) military alliance of India wiih China
AThe Delhi Sultanate did not leave a long-lasting political or economic legacy
after the fourteenth
century. Its one contribution was the introduction of Islam into Indian society.
There was
a tremendous migration of Muslims into India as a result of instability in other
Isiamic lands,
and many Indians embraced Islam. (For one thing, women had more rights
under Muslim
rule as opposed to Hindu rule.)
Use POE and common sense to eliminate (B) and (D). African and central
Eurasian hade
routes grew under Muslim occupation of India, and the Mamluks consolidated
lndia into a
strong, centralized state. The caste system remained an important part of
Indian life into the
twentieth century, so (C) is also incorrect. China and Islam historically don't go
together, so
you can cross off (E), too.
13. As a result of Bismarck's Berlin Congress'plan to
partition Africa
(A) Germany controlled a substantial portion of
Africa
(B) the United Sthtes entered the scramble for
Africa
(C) the slave trade with Europe, North America,
and SouthAmerica was halted
(D) only two African nations remained free at the
begirning of the twentieth century
(E) African nations were broadly granted
independence
DThe outcome of Bismarck's plan was that every nation in sub-Saharan Africa fell into
foreign
hands, except Ethiopia and Liberia. It was Bismarck's goal to maintain that elusive
"balance
of power" among European nations, and the orderly division of African land was seen as
one
way of averting war. The Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 laid down the rules for future
colonization.
Using POE, you can eliminate (B) because, while the United States attended the meetings
where decisions about Africa were made, America did not participate in imperialism in that
part of the world. You can also eliminate (A)because while Germany did gain some lands in
Africa (Togoland, Cameroon, German Southwest Africa), the French and British held much
more territory in Africa. (C) is out because economic and social pressures led to an end to
slavery not the plan to partition Africa. Broad independence for African nations was a
dream
not realized until the second half of the twentieth century, so there goes (E).
14. The ability of nations to industrialize
required all of
the following conditions EXCEPT
(A) a reliable source of fuel
(B) surplus population
(C) improved farming techniques
(D) a network of colonies
(E) a relatively stable power shucture
D\ /hile many European nations relied on
their colonies to be a steady source of raw
materials
and cheap labor and a ready market for
manufactured goods, imperialism was not a
necessary
component of industrialization, so (D) is the
answer. Remember on EXCEPT questions,
four
of the choices are true while the one that is
not is the answer.
15. In which of the following ways was the Hindu
Upanishad movement similar to the Protestant
Reformation?
(A) Both were movements started by religious
leaders that quickly spread to the upper
classes.
(B) Neither was considered a significant threat to
the established religion and its authorities.
(C) Over time, both became more concerrred with
rituals and dogma than with individualistic
expression.
(D) Neither involved episodes of violence.
(E) A factor behind both movements was the
perceived exploitation of power by religious
leaders.
EThe Upanishad movement was prompted by the focus of
religious leaders on ritual instead
of substance. The Protestant Reformation was sparked by
the sale of indulgences and other
perceived abuses among religious leaders.
If you know nothing of the Upanishad movement but know
a little about the Protestant Reformation,
you can use POE to eliminate both (B), (C), and
(D)because none of these was entirely
true of the Protestant Reformation. (A) is out because the
appeal of both reform movements
was really to the lower classes who could not afford to buy
salvation (Protestantism) or who
wanted a more individualistic approach to religions
(Upanishad).
16. The Four Noble Truths are associated
with
(A) Buddhism
(B) Legalism
(C) Judaism
(D) Islam
(E) Zoroastrianism
A The Four Noble Truths are associated
with Buddhism. (C), Judaism, has the Ten
Commandments.
(D), Islam, has Five Pillars. (B), Legalism,
is not a religion. Zoroastrianism, (E), is
another world religion from Iran, but its
basis is not four noble truths.
17. \ /hich of the following is an accurate characterization
of both the Incan and Yuan dynasties?
(A) Both civilizations developed strict social class
hierarchies, in which upward mobility was
difficult.
(B) Peasant uprisings were responsible for the
establishment of both civilizations.
(C) Both the Yuarr and the Inca depended on trade
as their primary economic activity.
(D) Both civilizations flourished under the conhol
of outside invaders.
(E) Both civilizations were conquered by the
Spanish.
18. The movement to industrialize Russia was most
dependent on
(A) emancipating serfs to provide a substantial
labor pool for industry
(B) becoming more active in colonizing other lands
to obtain raw materials and develop new
markets
(C) importing coal and other fuel sources plus the
equipment necessary to build manufacturing
factories
(D) developing a capitalistic systern with laissezfaire
and free market economic policies
(E) constant military and territorial expansion
to provide new opportunities to employ
workers
AThe Emancipation Act of 186L "freed" the serfs and allowed
them to work in nonagricultural
jobs. It was this pool of labor that made industrialization possible
in Russia. Use POE and
common sense to eliminate (D). You know that Russia did not
embrace capitalism, even during
the nineteenth century, and you also know that the improvement
in the standard of living
realized in Western nations was never achieved in Russia. While
Russia did become more
interested in expansionism, it was primarily to gain access to
water routes, not develop new
markets or provide employment for the working class, so
eliminate (B) and (E). If you didn't
remember that Russia had large deposits of coal within its own
borders and also a significant
steel industry, (C) is a smart guess.
19. Which of the following was NOT a result
of the
Black Death?
(A) Labor shortages in agriculture and
industry in
England
(B) Population decline in China
(C) Scarcity of goods throughout Europe
(D) Rise of feudalism in western Europe
(E) Rise of humanism in philosophical
thought
DThe Black Death was an important historical event because of the number of European deaths
and
because of its impact on other parts of the world. It serves as an illustration of how the world
became
more interdependent during the late medievalperiod and how toade routes were responsible not
only for moving goods and ideas, but also for spreading disease. Howevel, the Black Death
occurred
as feudalism was ending in westem Europe. During this period there was more urbanization, more
proto-industrialization, and more contact with other lands through hade and conquest.
The other four choices are true and therefore not the answer. Starting with the plague's impact
on Europe, (A) and (C) are tied together. The staggering number of deaths in Europe did have
a negative (albeit temporary) impact on productivity, which would then obviously have an
impact on supply. The bubonic plague actually originated in China and then spread through
central Eurasia before finally landing in Sicily in 1347. (B) was a result of the Black Death's
arrival in China, and therefore cannot be the correct answer. (E) might have been hard to
eliminate if you don't know much about humanism, but because religious faith did not seem
to have diminished the horrors of the Black Death, Western European thinkers were confronted
with their own mortality and began to study and extol the virtues of human existence. Thus,
this is true and therefore not the answer either.
20. Which of the following was NOT a Cold War
strategy?
(A) The Soviet Union provided Middle Eastern
nations with military supplies and advisors.
(B) The United States supported totalitarian
dictatorships in some Latin American and
Middle Eastern countries.
(C) The Soviet Union enforced strict immigration
controls, keeping its populations behind an
"iron curtain."
(D) The United States and the Soviet Union built
up huge arsenals of traditional, biological,
and nuclear weapons in order to prevent
war.
(E) Both the Soviet Union and the United States
renewed colonization of lands in Latin
. America and the Middle East.
EDirect colonization of less-developed countries did not
occur during the Cold War. The other
four answers are true and therefore not correct. Common
sense tells you (D) is true, as is (B)support for dictatorial regimes in Nicaragua (Somoza) and
Panama (Noriega) and the support
for rebel groups in Cuba and post-somoza Nicaragua show
the United States'determination
to prevent the spread of communism to Latin America. The
Soviet Union provided arms and
military advisors to Lebanon, Iraq, and Afghanistan, so (A)
is true. h1946, Winston Churchill
used the phrase "iron curtain" to describe the Soviet
lockdown of its peoples within Eastern
Europe, so (C) is also true and therefore wrong.
22. The Mongol Empire was divided into
four Khanates,
which governed all of the following lands
EXCEPT
(A) China
(B) Russia
(C) Persia
(D) Japan
(E) Ukraine
D Japan was one of the few nations able
to withstand foreign dominance during the
thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries. Use POE to get rid of
the nations that you know were part of
the Empire.
The Mongol Empire included China (Yuan),
Ukraine and Russia (Muscovy),India (Delhi
and
Mughal), and Persia (Safavid).
23.Which of the following is an accurate statement
about the Heian period in ]apan in the ninth
century?
(A) The Heian period was a time of exploration
and conquest for |apan.
(B) The focus of Heian civilization was on cultural
independence.
(C) Mongol invaders, under the rule of Ghengis
Khan, ruled |apan during the Heian period.
(D) Shintoism was replaced by Confucianism in
. ]apan during the Heian period.
(E) The invention of mechanized printing spawned
a literary
BDuring this period, the |apanese cut ties with China and focused
on the study of art and literature.
As a result, ]apan developed its own cultural identity. Use
common sense and POE to
eliminate (C) because Japan was never occupied by the Mongols,
and (D) because Japan never
adopted Confucianism as a state religion/philosophybut rather
embraced Shintoism and Buddhism,
both of which remain major influences in Japan today. \{hile (E)
may be difficult to get
rid of because it sounds logical, remember that mechanized
printing was a Western invention
(Gutenberg!), so cross that off. As for (A), japan didn'i start to
explore and conquer until after
the Meiji Restoration, but if you're unsure when the Meiji
Restoration was in relation to the
Heian period, guess and go.
24.The changes brought about by the Council
of Trent
did NOT include
(A) outlawing the sale of indulgences
(B) the commissioning of art and architecture
(C) the reiection of predestination
(D) less emphasis on saints in religious
ceremonies
(E) defined Church tradition on scripture
DThe Council of Trent was formed as part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation
to combat the
rise of Protestantism by instituting reforms in the Catholic Church. \tVhile it
failed to end the
spread of Protestant beliefs, certain fundamental changes were adopted.
Because (D) was not
a result of the Council, it is the correct answer, but the other four choices are
true. The Council
did define Church tradition on scriptures, (E). The Council outlawed the sale of
indulgences,
(A), in response to Luther's attacks. In order to reinforce the perception of its
power and majesty,
the church commissioned religious art and architecture, (B), much of it in the
baroque
style. One of the most significant actions of the Council of Trent came in its
affirmation of all
of the church doctrines, including the rejection of the Calvinist belief in
predestination, (C).
25. The capacities of women are supposed to be
greater, and their senses quicker than those of the
men; and what they might be capable of being bred
to, is plain from some instances of female wit, which
this age is not without."
Source: Daniel Dafoe, On the Education of Women, 7779'
The author of this passage ryould agree most with
which of these statements?
(A) Because of their ability, women are stronger
than men.
(B) It is acceptable for women to display humor in
public.
(C) The intelligence of women is hypothetical only
and not supported by evidence.
(D) With the proper education, women have the
abilify to be as smart as men.
(E) It is acceptable for men to belittle women for
their talents.
DThis quote deals with the potential of women, which was clearly not being
realized under
the contemporary social and governmental restrictions. Using POE, don't be
misled by bits
and pieces of the quote. While "senses quicker" might imply strength and
"female wit" could
insinuate humor, neither (A) nor (B) are correct. Furthermore, he's not telling
men it's OK to
make fun of women-he gives women more credit than that, so cross out (E).
While Dafoe is saying that women's true abilities are not well documented, he
does not mean to
say that no evidence has been offered to show such intelligence. Instead, he is
rallying against
the policies that have prevented women from realizing their potential, and he
deems the best
way io allow women to demonstrate their abilities will be through education.
(C) is a smart
guess but incorrect.
26.The concept of "total war" in World War I refers to
the
(A) use of troops from African colonies by England,
France, and Germany
(B) entry of Pacific Rim nations into the tiple
Alliance
(C) involvement of the United States and Canada
in a conflict that did not take place within
, their borders
(D) mobilization of economic, natural, and human
resources for the war effort
(E) the use of "take no prisoners" tactics
DWhile more nations and soldiers were involved
in World War I than in any previous military
action, the term "lotalwa{'does not apply to
answer choices (A), (B), or (C). Additionally,
the history of World War I is rife with the taking
of prisoners, so the answer isn't (E) either.
Instead, it refers to the massive mobilization of
resources necessary to carry out a military
action of this size. Some of the tools nations
used to achieve this level of mobilization were:
nationalization of key industries, central
economic planning, and wartime rationing.
27. In order to hold onto their territory the
Ottomans
instituted the Tanzimat Reforms, which
included
(A) access to western education
(B) universal suffrage
(C) nationalization of private industries
(D) emancipation of slaves
(E) equal rights for women and ethnic
minorities
AThe Tanzimat Reforms were a vast set of changes instated
in the Ottoman Empire between
1839 and 1876. Overall, these reforms were meant to
modemize the empire, and their goal
was to save the empire. Howeveq, they were not ultimately
successful. Among the changes
were modemizing industry, granting more political and
religious freedom, expansion of the
nation's physical ffiastructure, and the introduction of
Western-style education. Women had
access to education, there was more tolerance of nonMuslim citizens, and the govemment was
secularized. However, those reforms did not go so far as is
stated in (E), and (B), (C), and (D)
were not part of the Tanzimat Reforms.
28. I4/hich of the following statements is NOT true
about Akbar the Great?
(A) Despite gaining power through military might,
he was known for being a benevolent ruler.
(B) He tried to improve the position of women
by working to eliminate a deadly cultural
practice.
(C) He expanded Mughal control over all of north
India.
(D) He tried to establish a new religion, Divine
Faith, to unite Muslim, Hindu, and Christian
tenets.
(E) He constructed the Taj Mahal as a Muslim holy
place.
E You need to select the answer choice that is not a true statement about Akbar the
Great. The
Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan as a tribute to his wife, not by Akbar the Great.
|ahan ruled
after Akbar, from 1628 to 1558.
Even if you don't know who built the Tai Mahal, you can use POE to eliminate things
that you
know are true about Akbar. If you remember that he was a military leader who built
powerful
civilizations based on prosperity and tolerance, you should be able to eliminate (A)
and (C), if
you remember where the Mughal empire was located. If you aren't sure about the
remaining
answer choices, you should take your best guess and move on. If you recall that
Akbar accepted
the practice of all religions during his reign and even attempted to create a new
faith, Dvine Faith,
in which he tried to combine elements of Zoroastrianism, fainism, Hinduism, and
Christianity,
you can eliminate (D). You might also recall that Akbar tried to end the practice of
sati, in which
high<aste Hindu women threw themselves to their deaths on their husbands' funeral
pyres, which
would eliminate (B).
29. The Magna Carta
(A) created a system of common law in AngloSaxon England
(B) established a Model Parliament with advisory
POwers
(C) eliminated heredity as a requirement to hold
the throne
(D) did little to stop the growth of centralized
govemment in England
(E) established the king as the head of the
Church
of England
D Here is the important point to remember: Inl2jrl,King John needed money to wage his
war with
France. The only way to "persuade" the nobles to fund his military campaign was to sign
the
Magna Carta, which guaranteed basic rights to nobility and restricted the ability of the king
to
increase taxes. \{hile the Magna Carta did place additional restriction on the powers of the
king,
it did little to reverse the trend toward a more centralized and stronger national
govemment.
Using POE, you can eliminate (A)because English common law (and the institution of grand
and petit juries) was codified under Henry II in 1166. While the idea of greater rights and
representation was contained in the Magna Carta, it wasn't until later in the thirteenth
century,
under Edward I, that the first Parliament was convened, so (B) is not the answer. You
know that there were plenty of English kings after Iohn and that conflict over succession is
a
. common theme in English history, so eliminate (C). It was one of those subsequent
English
kings, Henry VIII, who established the Anglican Church with himself as the head with the
Act
of Supremacy in 1534, long after John made his deal with the nobles, so it isn't (E).
30. Both Gandhi and Mao Zedong
(A) agreed on the desirability of effecting change
nonviolently
(B) worked to reform the social order in their
respective nations
(C) believed that change must begin at the level of
the individual and would involve a spiritual
component
(D) believed in unity among different religious
gloups
(E) advocated selective use of violence to achieve
their goals
B Both Gandhi and Mao worked to reform the social order of their
respective societies albeit h different
ways. Gandhi spoke often of both the suffering and the great
potential of the peasant classes
and even promoted the abolition of the "untouchable" caste. And
Mao was clearly driven to tap the
great potential of China's peasants and to create an egalitarian
society during the Cultural Revolution.
Use POE and be sure to select the answer choice that is true of
both Gandhi and Mao. Both (A)
and (E) are incorrect because Mao wasn't s\ about promoting
change from "the barrel of a gun,"
but Gandhi actively practiced nonviolence. Both (C) and (D) are
incorrect as Mao actively worked
to eliminate religron from Chinese society whereas Gandhi
promoted religious unity between
Muslims and Hindus.
31. One similarity between the Vikings and the
Mamluks was
(A) both groups had been slaves in the lands they
eventually conquered
(B) neither group was able to move ihto westem
EUrope
(C) both groups were more interested in expansion
and destruction than in trade and settlement
(D) both groups were known for their seafaring
prowess
(E) both groups converted to the dominant religion
of the land that they conquered
E In Kiev, Prince Vladimir I converted to Christianity, thereby fostering the spread of
that religion
through eastern Europe. The Mamluks became Muslims and helped protect Islamic
society
and culfure from attacks from Mongols and Crusaders.
To use POE, remember that the correct answer will be the statement that is true
about both the
Vikings and the Mamluks. The Vikings, descendents of Germanic warrior tribes, were
known
for their plundering raids of westem Europe (England, Normandy) and for
establishing Kiev
and Novogrod in Russia. Viking invasions in eastem Europe linked Slavs to the rest
of the
. world through expanded trade routes. Remember, too, that the Vikings were
excellent openseas
navigators (they were believed to be the first Europeans to cross the Atlantic).
Armedwith this information, you can eliminate (A), (B), and (C). The Mamluks were
former Turkish
military slaves in the Islamic Empire-nof known for their seafaring skills, so cross out
(D)who overthrew the Ayyubad dynasty in the thirteenth century and ruled parts of
Egypt,Syia,
and Arabia for two centuries.
32. A similarity between Song China and the
Italian
states was that
(A) both were able to support numerous large
cities
(B) neither had a strong, centralized govemment
(C) both had strong secular and religious leaders
(D) both were dependent on the Silk Route for
trade
(E) neither was home to a major religious
movement
A. On the surface, it would not appear that these two societies would have much in common,
but think about more general comparisons and you'll find that they do share some important
features. The only answer that works for both is (A). Mercantile states (Genoa,Pisa, Venice)
grew in Italy as a result of industry and trade, and owing to a strong economy and new
agricultural
techniques, the Song were the most urbanized society of their time.
Eliminate (E) immediately because of Italy's long history with Catholicism and its various
movements and traditions, even if you don't recall that the Song were all about neoConfucianism, which is not a religion. Conversely, (B) is true for the Song, but not for ltaly.
China continued tobe ruledby a stiong emperor, supportedbyneo-Confucianism and a strong
cenhal bureaucracy. On the other hand, each Italian city-state was ruled by the dominant family
and not subject to any national authority.
POE will help you eliminate (C) because China, having a state philosophy instead of a state
religion, did not have a spiritual leader. (Italy, on the other hand, did have a spiritual leader in
the pope, but, as noted above, no single secular ruler.) China might have depended on the Silk
Route, but the Italians had the Mediterranean Sea with which to conduct their trade activities.
ln addition, other overland routes to Europe and North Africa had been opened during the
Crusades. (D) is not the right answer.
33. \Atrhich of the following is an accurate example
of
Hellenism?
(A) The adoption of gothic architecture in India
(B) Constructing buildings and monuments in
stone in southwest Asia
The spread of monotheism through central
Eurasia and the Far East
The expansion of international trade into
northern Africa and western Mediterranean
Iands
The expansion of the Persian Empire in the
Middle East
B. Hellenism refers to the adoption of various elements of
Greek civilization by other parts of the
world. Greek architecture relied heavily on using marble
and other hard stones in building
construction, and the spread of this style to southwest Asia
is an example of Hellenism. (A) is
incorrect because gothic architecture was a feature of
medieval western Europe, not ancient
Greece. \{hile monotheism did spread beyond the
Mediteranean and trade expanded south
and west, neither are uniquely Greek, so (C) and (D) are
incorrect. Finally, because we're talking
about the Greeks, not their historic enemies, the Persians,
(E) is in no way a correct answer
to the question.
34. Monasticism is a characteristic of
which of the following
religions?
]udaism
Hinduism
Confucianism
Catholicism
Baha'i
D.Even if you are not sure what monasticism is
you can still use POE to eliminate at least answer
choice (C) because Confucianism is not a
religiory but rather a philosophy. Monasticism
refers
to the establishment of communities, called
monasteries, where monks could withdraw from
the secular world to lead lives devoted to their
religion. The correct answer is (D). Christian
monasticism began in the third century in Egypt.
Interestingly, monasticism is expressly forbidden
in the Baha'i faith, (E).
36. Atrhich of the following statements about neoConfucianism is NOT correct?
(A) Additional restrictions were placed on the
power of the merchant class.
(B) It gained prominence not only in China but
also in Korea and Japan.
(C) It incorporated ideas about the soul and the
individual.
(D) It synthesized elements of Confucianism,
Daoism, and Buddhism.
' (E) Loyalty to govemment became more important
than familial ties.
E Neo-Confucianism was a movement that synthesized Confucianism, Buddhism, and
Daoism.
Developed during the Song Dynasty, it became the dominant philosophy during the Ming
Dynasty. While loyalty to government was an important feature of neo-Confucianism,
family
structure was the foundation for all other relationships in one's life.
The other four choices are true and therefore not the answer. With an emphasis on
moral behavior, filial piefy, and social order, neo-Confucianism is not all that different
from Confucianism. Therefore, (D) is a correct statement about neo-Confucianism. Because
neo-Confucianism blended Dao and Buddhist elements, it was more widely accepted
outside
of China. Indeed, it became an influential philosophy in Japan and Korea, especially with
the
adoption of meritocracy, so (B) is not the answer. The Ming resurrected the examination
system,
and, as Confucianist scholars rose to higher positions of power in the bureaucracy, they
worked to limit the power of groups whom they perceived as threats-the military and the
merchant classes. (A) and (C) are correct statements, so neither is the answer.
37. Rachel Caison's book Silent Spring
increased international
awareness of
(A) ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
(B) environmentaldegradation
(C) gender rights in Africa
(D) drought and famine in Biafra
(E) penal servitude in Australia
B Silent Spring was published in 1962 and
outlined the environmental dangers
associated with
the use of DDT. It ushered in an era of
increased environmental concern and
greater awareness
of the interconnectedness of biological
systems and world economies.
38. Which of the following statements about Spanish
colonies in the New World is accurate?
(A) The Spanish did not engage in mercantilism
with their colonies.
Spanish immigration to colonies in Central and
South America was low.
The main economic contribution of Spain's
colonies came from gold and salt.
Sugarcane production was'the primary
economic activity in Spanish colonies.
The Spanish respected native leaders'
self-determination if they converted to
Catholicism.
D. Spanish plantations were established to grow sugarcane (and other cash
crops). Using POE and
common sense you can eliminate both (A) and (B). All mother countries
engaged in mercantilism;
it was one of the primary reasons for colonization. Also, you know that many
Spaniards
came to the New World, many under the auspices of a papal mandate for
conversion of the
natives to Catholicism. But Spain's true goals were more about land and
profits, which meant
complete control of the land and its people, regardless of what religion they
followed.
To decide between (C) and (D), you need to remember what the primary
source of economic
gain was in Spain's colonies. Half of answer (C) is correct-the Spanish
exploited the natural
deposits of gold in the Americas. However, salt was not one of the resources
that made Spain
rich off the New World. (C) is a smart guess even though the answer is (D).
39. Which of the following is accurate about the T'ang
Dynasty and the Byzantine Empire?
(A) V{hile the Byzantine Empire had a large
urban center, the T'ang Dynasty was more
decentralized with small towns along trading
routes.
(B) Both of their governments consisted of
bureaucrats who received a standardized
education.
(C) There was considerable overlap between
church and state both in govemmental affairs
and everyday life in both societies.
(D) Silk weaving was the mal'or industry only in
the T'ang DyT rasty.
(E) Both civilizations finally collapsed due to
corruption and bankruptcy.
B. Both civilizations developed shong central governments run by bureaucrats. In
Byzantium,
bureaucrats were trained at the University of Constantinople. ln the T'ang Dynasty, the
bureaucrats (mandarins) had to pass civil service exams to enter government service.
To use POE on this question, remember you need to select the answer that is true for both
of these civilizations. (A) is true for the Byzantine Empire (Constantinople), but not for the
T'*9. The capital city, Changan, grew into the largest city in the world at the timb. (C) is
true
of Byzantium only, in which the emperor was considered a representative of God and
Greek
Orthodoxy was the foundation of the civilization. While Buddhism was still popular during
the T'ang Dynasty, Confucianism was far more influential in government and private life.
(D) is a hicky answer choice. While you know that silk weaving was important to the
Chinese
economy, it also became the primary industry in Byzantium after two monks smuggled
silkworm
eggs out of China on a missionary visit. (E), too, can be kind of rough, as bankruptcy
and corruption have certainly deshoyed plenty of governments, but while there were some
regime problems with the Byzantine govemment and its management of the empire, the
T'ang
were taken down by an armed rebellion they could not contain, even with outside help.
40. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement
about the Middle East in the late twentieth
century?
(A) The discovery of new sources of petroleum
diluted the political power and military
importance of OPEC member nations.
(B) A resurgence of religious fundamentalism was
responsible for the political revolutions in a
number of nations, such as Iran.
There was increased tension between efforts
to modernize and basic tenets of Islamic law
and practice.
Nationalistic extremism was responsible for
genocide and civil war in numerous nations.
The area has been divided in its responses
to the West and the prevalence of Westem
influence.
ARemember you are looking for the answer that is not true-common sense can
tell you that
(A) doesn't make sense, so it is the answer. Even if you don't know very much
about the history
of the Middle East, wouldn't the discovery of something as important as
petroleum lead
to an increase in political power? Of course it wouId. As long as you know that
most OPEC
countries are in the Middle East, you can get this question right. As for the
wrong answers,
the Iranian Revolution was all about religious fundamentalism, so (B) is true;
modemization
and the basic tenets of any religion tend to come into conflict with each other,
so (C) is true;
nationalism led to civil war in Afghanistan and to genocide against the Kurds in
Iraq, so (D) is
true; and while there are supporters of Western ideals and military
interventions in the Middle
East, there are also many who decry the Western way of life, so (E) is also
true.
41. Marxism found few supporters in the late nine44.
teenth century in Europe because
(A) working conditions in factories improved due
to union demands
(B) the middle class gained additional political
representation
(C) improvements in farming technology increased
crop yields
(D) union organizing was outlawed in a majority of
industries
(E) monarchies did not permit such subversive
literature in their nations
A. With better conditions, there was less
reason for the level of revolt called for by
Karl Marx.
Moreover, many of these reforms came
because of the demands made by labor
unions. Many
workers chose to join unions rather than
stage communist revolts.
42. tVhich of the following statements about Sun
Yat-sen is accurate?
(A) Sun Yat-sen's brutal leadership style inspired
a military coup that ended his reign o{ terror
over China.
(B) The People's Republic of China founded by
Sun Yat-sen was based on a Five Year Plan
for economic growth.
(C) The Chinese Republic was successful in
expelling the British from China and creating
an economically and politically strong
nation.
(D) One of Sun Yat-sen's first tasks as ruler was
to purge communists from high-ranking
government positions.
(E) Sun Yat-sen was the first leader of China who
was neither a foreign invader nor part of an
imperial dynasty.
E. Sun Yat-sen was considered the father of modern China. As the
founder of the Revolutionary
Alliance, he ousted the ruling Qing Dynasty and formed the
Nationalist Party in 1911 and1912.
The goal of the Nationalists was to create a representative
democracy based on the People's
Principles: nationalism, democracy, and livelihood.
Using POE, you can eliminate (B) and (D). The Five Year Plan is
associated with Mao
Zedong,not Sun Yat-sen. Plus, the communist party had not yet
been formed at the time of Sun
Yat- sen's administration. (The communists took over n 1949.)
Sun Yat-sen overthrew the
Qing, not the British, which makes (C) incorrect. Taiwan became
a territory of |apan at the
end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895. As for (A), that didn't
happen.
43. \A/hich of the following statements about the Code
of Hammurabi and the ]ustinian Code are accurate?
(A) Both sets of laws derived their core
philosophies from the Bible.
(B) The importance of each was that they
attempted to organize laws in ways that
people could understand.
(C) \A/hile the Justinian Code contained harsh
provisions for those convicted of crimes, the
Code of Hammurabi was less punitive.
(D) Neither Code applied to women, foreigners,
peasants, or slaves.
(E) Both sets of laws explicitly allowed slaves to
bring suit against their masters for harsh
treatment.
B. The importance of both codes was that they attempted
to organize existing laws into formats that
could be understood and applied fairly to everyone. Use
common sense and POE to eliminate
(A) and (Dl. (A) is incorrect because the Code of
Hammurabi was created before the Bible. (D) is
incorrect because both sets of laws applied (however
unevenly) to all members of their respective
societies. (C)is also incorrect. Remember that the concept
of "aneye for an eye" is,derived
from the Code of Hammurabi, which also contained other
shict punishments. Furthermore, in
neither of these societies did slaves have any significant
rights, let alone the right to bring their
masters to court, as (E) suggests.
44. \A/hich of these factors played the greatest
role in
European interest in South Africa in the late
1800s?
(A) The need for additional sources of African
slaves
(B)l 'The desiie for new markets for European
goods
(C) The discovery of precious metal resources
(D) Political turmoil along northern European
trade routes
(E) Containing the spread of Islam
C. The discovery of huge diamond and gold deposits in South
Africa made it one of the most
sought-after territories. Use POE to eliminate (A). By the late
1800s, the slave trade had been
abolished. While industrialized nations were always looking for
new markets for their goods,
(B) is incorrect because this did not play the greatest role in
European interest in South Africa.
Nor did (D). By the late 1800s, the trade routes around southern
Africa had been well established,
and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 made the water route
around the Cape of
Good Hope less relevant. South Africa was not a critical area in
the spread of Islam, especially
not in the nineteenth century, and Islam had little impact, if any
at all, on European ambitions
in the area.
45. It is the highest impertinence and presumption,
therefore, in kings and ministers, to pretend to
watch over the economy of private people, and to
restrain their expense, either by sumptuary laws, or
by prohibiting the importation of foreign luxuries."
Source: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of
the Wealth of Nations, 1775.
The author of this quotation would most likely
agree with which of the following governmental
programs?
(A) Increased tariffs on imported items
(B) Laissez-faire economic policies
(C) Institution of social welfare systems
(D) Minimum wage laws for rrnionized workers
(E) Govemment stimulus in a recession
B. If you'll remember, Adam Smith is arguably
the father of modern-day economics.InTheWeahh
of Nations, he notes that economies work best
with the least possible interference. This quote
states that governmental leaders should not
interfere with the economy and further notes
that
there should be no restrictions on imports. (A) is
clearly incorrect. Ideas about social welfare
systems, (C), minimum hourly wages, (D), and
government stimulus in recessions (E), are not
mentioned in this quote, plus all three ideas run
counter to Smith's laissez-faire economics.
47. The European event that had the most direct
impact
on the growth of civilizations such as Mali and
Chana was the
(A) split between the Roman Catholic and Eastem
Orthodox churches
(B) revival of the Silk Route during the rule of
Kublai Khan
(C) Slav migration into the Balkans and Greece
(D) establishment of a money-based economy with
minted coins
(E) the Protestant Reformation
D. Both Mali and Ghana had substantial deposits of gold, and with
the minting of coins (in gold
and silver), these two societies grew in importance. If you know
that Mali and Ghana are
both in sub-Saharan Africa, you can use POE to eliminate (A) and
(C). The split between the
churches, invasions in central Europe, and military conquests in
the Middle East did not have
a direct impact on Mali and Ghana. (B) would be a better choice if
it were about the decline
of the Silk Route; however, it's unlikely that the revival of this
trade route would have had a
positive impact on the growth of these two lands. The Protestant
Reformation, though, was a
European event that had no direct bearing on Mali and Ghana at
the time.
48. Before World War II, both Japan and Germany
(A) withdrew from the League of Nations over
land disputes
(B) experienced tremendous growth in the urban
middle class
(C) embraced social reform movements such as
universal suffrage
(D) rebuilt their economies from the impacts of the
Great Depression and significant war debts
(E) had been penalized for their roles in World
War I
A. Japan's invasion of Manchuria was condemned by the League
of Nations, so Japan withdrew
its membership in 1931. Germany left the League in 1933. Uge
POE and be sure to pick the
answer that is true of bothlapan and Germany. One of the
reasons for Hitler's ascendancy
was the Weimar Republic's failure to bring economic prosperity to
Germany after the heavy
penalties imposed at the end of World War I-penalties imposed on
Germanybut not onJapan
(which was actually on the other side in that conflict), so cross
out (E). \tVhile ]apan did have
a strong economy/ control of the wealth rested in the hands of
the elite. Neither (B) nor (D)
is correct. Given the human rights violations perpetrated by
Hitler's administration, you can
eliminate (C) as a correct answer choice.
49.
The encomiendn system in Spanish
colonies was most
sirnilar to
(A) mercantilism
(B) feudalism
(C) a corporate colony
(D) assembly line production
(E) chattelslavery
E The encomienda system, a part of Spanish imperialism in the Americas, gave colonial
landowners
the right to use native labor. The results were a system not very different than (D),
chattel slavery. The enslavement of Native Americans declined in the mid-sixteenth century
as a result of Church and governmental edicts and the growth of the African slave trade.
You can use POE to eliminate (B) and (D): feudalism was never used in the colonies (it
ended
about two centuries before the Age of Discovery!), and assembly line production was a
twentieth
century innovation. ltVhile you might think that Spain might have governed its colonies
under an enlightened monarch (not hue), it has nothing to do withthe encomienda system.
Also,
while mercantilism was an essential part of the relationship between,colonies and
colonizers,
it involved economic constraints. (A) is not the right answer. Colporate colonies were those
establishedby nongovernmentalbodies, such as the Dutch East India Company and the
British
East India Company. Spanish colonies, on the other hand, were firmly under royal control.
(C)
is not the right answer.
50. Which of the following was NOT a direct
outcome
of the Reconquista?
(A) Spanish invasion of northem Africa and
southem Italy
(B) Sometimes-violent persecution of other
religions
(C) Creation of small, independent states within
Spain
(D) A civil war over succession to the throne
(E) Exodus of Moors and Sephardic fews from
Spanish territory
D. Beginnirg i. the late 700s, Muslim invaders (Moors) inhabited parts of Spain and
Portugal.
In the thirteenth century, the Reconquista began, which was an attempt to remove Islamic
influence from the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista was completed nL492. Remember to
choose the answer that is not true about the Reconquista. (A) is true and is, therefore, not
the
correct answer. A strong military, an expansionist government, and a fear of fufure Muslim
incursions led Spain to invade northem Africa and southern ltaly. The Spanish Inquisition
arose from the Reconquista. Probably as a backlash to Islamic domination,
the Catholic Church in Spain was extremely intolerant. Muslims and jews were required to
renounce
their faith and convert to Christianity or leave the country. (B) and (E) were both outcomes
of the Reconquista, so neither is the correct answer. (C) also occurred. Because freedom
came to
different areas at different times, Spain developed as a group of independent states; some
of
them, like Castille and Aragon, were quite shong. It took the marriage of Ferdinand (of
Aragon)
and Isabella (of Castille) to finally unite the nation. The formation of this powerful
monarchy
means that (D) is the correct answer. Civil war did not occur as a direct result of the
Reconquista.
51. In which of these societies were
merchants and traders
piaced in a lower social class than farmers
and
artisans?
(A) Byzantium
(B) Tudor England
(C) ]apan
(D) Rome
(E) Han China
E. ln Han China, merchants had less status than
farmers and artisans because they produced no
substantial products. Use POE to eliminate the
societies that held merchants in high esteem
and where the merchant class participated in
political and social activities: (A), Byzantium,
(B), Tudor England, and (D), Rome. In Japan, the
rise of international trade led to organized
guilds of merchants, which formed an influential
class in |apan, so (C) is also incorrect.
52. 1 /hich of the following is a major difference be- 55.
tween the classic periods in Rome and the Islamic
civilizations?
(A) \A/hile Roman society had strict social class
delineations and little mobility, Islam was
egalitarian with few barriers to social
mobility.
(B) The Islamic civilization was more dependent
on agriculture and therefore more susceptible
to fluctuations in food supply.
(C) \A/hile the Roman Empire fell as a result of
intemal warfare over succession to the
throne, Islamic dynasties faced few intemal
divisions.
(D) Islamic scientific thought and art forms
borrowed heavily from Hellenistic sources, while Rome's scientific, philosophical, and
artistic advancements were unique to its
culture.
(E) The Roman Empire was driven entirely by
agriculture, whereas Islamic civilization was
more highly diversified
A. Islamic society was relatively egalitarian,'and there were no formal class barriers. In
contrast,
Roman society was very strucfured with numerous class differentiations and barriers to
upward
mobility. You can eliminate (B) using POE. Common sense tells you that the survival of
both of these civilizations was dependent on agricultural production. While Rome did fall for
political reasons (as well as a host of other causes), the Islamic civilization also collapsed
due to
intemal divisions. Persia and Egypt broke away from the empire in the 900s, and by the
1200s
the Islamic Empire was overthrown by the Turks and then the Mamluks and was never
again
as united as it was during the Abbasid Dynasty. (C) is incorrect. (D) is also incorrect. While
Islamic scientific achievements might have built on earlier Greek findings, the contributions
in mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, and medicine were not derived from other culfures.
Nor was Islamic art, which focused on elaborate geometric shapes and pattems and omate
calligraphy (Greek art focused on the human form, which was not allowed to be depicted
according to the Qu'ran). As a matter of fact, Rome's art,literafure, and scientific thought
were
also based on Hellenistic forms. (E) is also incorrect, as the Roman Empire was not entirely
agricultural.
53. After the Peloponnesian Wat the
Macedonians took
control ofGreece and spread Greek culture
throughout
mudi of the known world under the
leadership of
(A) Alexander the Great
(B) |ulius Caesar
(C) Pericles
(D) Socrates
(E) Hannibal
A. Alexander the Great spread Hellenism (Greek culture) tfuoughout much of
the known world.
He conquered the Persian Empire and expanded his empire all the way into
India.
There are a couple ways you can approach this question even if you aren't 100
percent sure
of the answer. First, even if you aren't sure who the leader of the Macedonians
was, you can
eliminaie people who you remember led other empires. Second, you can focus
on the names
of people who you remember were major world conquerors, even if you can't
remember what
culture they were from. You can eliminate both (B) and (E) because ]ulius
Caesar was from
Rome and Hannibal was from Carthage-neither was from Greece nor
Macedonia. As for (C)
and (D), Pericles and Socrates were both Greek, but neither were major world
conquerors.
Pericles led Greece through a golden age, and Socrates was a philosopher, not
a fighter.
54. IA/hich of the following is NOT a correct generalization
about Islamic societies between 1500 and L700 ?
(A) There was no intellectual movement
corresponding to the Renaissance and
Islamic political and scientific progress
lagged behind the Europeans.
(B) Economic depression and govemment
corruption led to the weakening of many
Islamic states during the sixteenth century.
(C) The Ottoman Empire, Safavid Turks, and
Mughal lndia were linked by their common
faith in Islam, as well as by historic trade
routes.
(D) The discovery of new trade routes had a
debilitating impact on the ability of Islamic
nations to maintain economic and political
control.
(E) By the late 1700s,Islamic influence had ended
everywhere except in North Africa.
E.Even though the Islamic world lost power during this period, it continued to exert
influence in
the Balkans, Turkey, India, Malaysia, and areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Eliminate those
answer
choices you know are true about Muslim societies during this time period. The intellectual
growth representedby the Renaissance did not spread to thelslamic world. While
certainMuslim
nation-states (Mughal India, Safavid Persia) became known for their artistic contributions,
there was no coresponding growth in scientific, political, or technological intellectualism
inthe Islamic world. (A) is true, and is therefore not the answer. (B) is also a true
statement. By
the mid-1700s, the Mughal state failed as warlords competed for power and Islamic and
Hindu
factions engaged in civil war. In the late 17Ns, the Safavid Empire was weakened through
a
succession of incompetent rulers. Even the Ottomans, furned away atVienna, were
weakened
(although their empire did persist until the end of World War I). This failure of political
units
also led to economic disunity and depression.
55. Which of the following is a true statement about
the
French Revolution of 17 89 ?
(A) It failed to instill a sense of nationalism in
France.
(B) Women gained suffrage as part of the
revolution.
(C) The Revolution tumed radical with the
involvement of the peasants.
(D) It officially ended with the Constitution of
1791..
(E) The French monarch was exiled as part of the
regime change.
C. \Mhen the Jacobins took power in1792,King Louis and Marie Antoinette were executed.
But
before that-as a direct result of the 1789 Revolution-the goal was to create a constitutional
monarchy modeled on that of Great Britain. Using POE, eliminate (A); the French
Revolution
did indeed engender strong nationalist feelings among the entire citizenry. \{hile the
French
Revolution resulted in the declaration of equal rights for all citizens (in the Declaration of
the Rights of Man and of the Citizen), equal rights were not granted to women, so
eliminate
(B). (D) can also be eliminated. Also, you should know that Louis XVI and his queen Marie
Antoinette were executed as part of the revolution, not exiled, so cross out (E).
That leaves (C): The radical stage of the French Revolution began as the urban working
class
or sans-culottes, ulhappy with the limited power they had, became more involved in public
protests. This was in response to counter-revolutionary actions on the part of the king and
the
clergy, but outside of the control of the legislative body, the National Assembly. By
September
l79Z,Pariswas in turmoil, the King and Queen forced to flee, and the monarchy was
abolished.
The revolution was now in the hands of the people.
56. Which of the following is an accurate statement
about modem sub-Saharan independence movements?
(A) In most nations, cultural and ethnic harmony
, was achieved when imperialism ended.
(B) In a majority of new nations, European whites
dominated the governmental system.
(C) The process of gaining independence was
easier in nations that did not have a large
European minority.
(D) Substantial foreign investment helped the
transition from colony to independent nation.
(E) Most of these movements have led to bloodless
political transitions.
\ ftite maintaining independence and building shong nations was difficult almost everywhere, the
process of gaining freedom was more difficult in South Africa, Rhodesia, and the Belgian Congo.
Eliminateanswersthataretoobroadbecausetheycannotapplytoalloftheindependencemovements
in sub-SaharanAfrica. (A) is not a true statement, and neither is (E). Imperial rule had suppressed
conflicts between rival tribes in Nigeria Zatre , andtheCongo but ethnic clashes arose once the tribes
were independent. In other nations, dictatorial govemments carried out terror campaigns against
opposition and minority $oups (Ug*da Central African Republic). \,Vhile South Africa and
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) retained white rule until well into the twentieth century, most other nations
of sub-Saharan Africa were not govemed by whites after gaining independence. (B) is not correct.
Foreign investment might have made the transition easier; however, it is hard to tell because
there was so little of it. One of the biggest problems every new nation faced was how to build
economies that had been weakened through monoculture and mercantilism for generations.
Unfortunately, much of this aid was tied to military strategy, as in Angola where the West
backed the National Union and the Soviets supported the National Front. This brand of
"foreign investment" resulted in years of civil war and economic instability. (D) is not the
correct answer.
57. \ /hich of the following was an impact of the
theory
of Social Darwinism?
(A) Industrialization led to worker revolts.
(B) Rulers were obligated to protect their
citizens.
(C) Europeans justified their domination of
colonized people.
(D) Science was viewed as more important than
religious belief.
(E) Labor movements were treated with more
respect.
C. The correct answer is (C) because you are looking for
animpacf. Since Social Darwinism applies
Darwin's theories of natural selection to the social realm,
(B) can be eliminated. (A) and (D)
can be eliminated since neither is relevant to the question.
Remember that Darwin's theories
of evolution were used to make racial distinctions based on
natural selection and competition.
By the late nineteenth century, this theory was used to
explain the superioriiy of the Europeansover those they
had conquered in Africa and Asia. (E) is also not the answel
because respect
for labor movements would have run counter to the sort of
laissez-faire economics that Social
Darwinism supported.
58. Which of the following did NOT happen in China
during the Ming DrTnasty?
(A) China was no longer under the control of
Mongol leaders.
(B) Contact with other nations increased with the
creation of a Chinese navy.
(C) Buddhism became the official state religion of
China.
(D) Chinese foreign policy was based on collecting
tribute instead of waging war.
(E) Chinese civil service became standardized,
including the use of a qualifying exam based
on Confucian principles.
C. The Ming Dynasty (beginning in 1368) represented a time when China prospered
economically,
socially, and culturally. \Mhile neo-Confucianism meshed Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist
thought, China did not embrace any ofhcial state religion. (Confucianism and neoConfucianism
are considered philosophies, not religions.)
The other four choices are true and therefore not the answer. After years of Mongol rule,
the
Chinese expelled all Mongols, (A), and restored an examinafion-based, Confucianist
government
system. During the Ming era, China embraced an expansionistic foreign policy and
sought to increase its influence through increased conquest and trade, (B). The Ming
dynasty
realized that attempting to directly govern such a large (and somewhat diverse)
geographic
area would be impossible; they instead chose to impose a system of paying tribute on
these
lands, (D). The naval ships sailed to these faraway lands to collect the tribute. At home,
the
Ming rulers adopted a civil service exam based on Confucian principles, so (E) is also true
ard
therefore not the answer.
59. A/hich of the following was an impact of modernization
efforts in Egypt during the twentieth
cenfury?
(A) Egyptian society became almost entirely
secularized as the importance of Islam
dwindled sharply.
(B) A Western-style democratic government was
installed, although voting rights were not
extended to women.
(C) A liberalization movement among the
working and middle class began to remove
Muhammad Ali from power.
(D) State-built infrastructure and public investment
in induskialization enabled Egypt to
withstand European imperialism.
(E) Egypt accumulated tremendous debt to
European nations such as England and
France.
E. Muhammad Ali became the ruler of Egypt in 1805 after the French were expelled from the counfiy
in 1801 and power was taken from the Ottomans. He is best known for ushering Egypt into the
modem age through industrializatior; imperialism, and by adopting Westem political and educational
systems (and for boxing! Just kidding). Under his rule, Egypt became more prosperous and
independent, and he ruled Egypt until his death. (C) is not the correct answer. (B) is incorrect for a
number of reasons. First the Egyptians did not adopt a democratic form of govemment. Second,
they did not extend suffrage to women. One puqpose of modemization efforts was to shengthen
Egypt to withstand foreign influence dwing a time when the rest of the continent was being
partitioned among European nations. Isma'il decided to build a canal to link the Mediterranean
andRedSeag and the Suez Canalwas a marvel of engineering andbecame an importanteconomic
and military link between Asi4 Afric4 and Europe. However, enormous debts forced Egypt to
sell its shares in the canal to England in1875,and with control of the Suez Canal; the British also
assumed power over Egypt. Therefore (D) is inconect. To this day, Islam is an important force in
Egypt, which has not become entirely secularized, so the answer is not (A).
60The Chinese Communist Party adapted
Marxist
communismto
(A) accommodate a large peasant population
(B) allow for capitalistic economic programs
(C) prevent Russian-style education
programs
(D) justify imperialistic policies in |apan,
Thiwan,
and Mongolia
(E) become an industrialized nation
A. Karl Marx believed that the proletariat revolution would occur when industrial workers
recognized the oppressive ways of the bourgeoisie industrialists and bankers. His argument
was based on a class conflict that would arise as a natural outcome of industrialization.
Neither
Russia (n 1917) nor China (in 1921) were industfialized. So, in both nations, Marxism was
adapted to accommodate a nonurban population. In China the Communist Party organized
peasants, and under Mao Zedong the land was given to agricultural workers.
(E) is not correct because industrialization is an important factor in setting up the
proletariat
revolution, not a consequence, but (B) and (C) aren't true either. Capitalist policies were
cautiously
adopted in the 1980s and 1990s. The Chinese did not have to adapt Marxism to
accommodate
imperialism, (D). Marx noted that imperialists (as well as capitalists)were the enemy,
so it was the job of all good communists to remove imperialists from their holding (and
replace
them with communists, of course).
61. n the Zhou dynasty, the Mandate of Heaven
meant
that rulers
(A) had an absolute right to rule over the governed
as they wished
(B) were appointed by Buddhist leaders
(C) rulers were required to make human sacrifices
in order to keep their power
(D) were encouraged to spread Buddhism through
the building of monasteries
(E) were allowed to keep their power if they ruled
justly and wisely
E Under the concept of Mandate of Heaven, Chinese rulers were perceived to have the
blessing of
heaven so long as they ruled justly and wisely. If society crumbled and rulers were
defeated or
overthrown, it was believed to be so because the rulers had lost their mandate by ruling
unjustly
or unwisely. This concept led to stability within many Chinese dynasties because it
encouraged
people to obey the ruler as someone who was rightfully in the position of authority.
It should immediately occur to you that the Chinese did not practice human sacrifice, so
cross out (C). If you remember the approximate time period of the Zhou (or Chou)
Dynasty,
you can eliminate even more answer choices. The Zhou Dynasty lasted for about 900 years
starting around 1100 s.c.p. If you recall that Buddhism didn'i even begin in India until
around
500 r.c.r. and didn't spread to China until a few centuries later, you can immediately
eliminate
(B) and (D). During the latter Zhou dynasty, Daoism and Confucianism impacted China,
but
not Buddhism. Answer choice (A) describes Divine Right in Europe more than Mandate of
Heaven in China.
63. Atrhich of the following is an accurate statement
about Islamic art and architecture?
(A) Islamic art focused on abstract geometric
patterns and ornate calligraphy in Arabic.
(B) Elaborate miniatures of historical figures and
historical battles were created during the
Abbasid and Umayyad Dynasties.
(C) The most important architectural contributions
were elaborate pyramids and sculptures.
(D) Most Islamic art forms were derived from
classic Greek and Roman examples.
(E) Few examples remain for art historians and
critics to sLudy.
A Artistic expression took the form of geometric shapes and
pattems and elaborate calligraphy,
also known as arabesque. Most art from the Islamic Empire-of
which plenty of examples still
exist, so eliminate (E)!-is religious in nature, and since Islam
prohibited the representation
of people and animals in artwork, you can eliminate (B) because
it involves these forms of
expresiion. (C) can also be eliminated because pyramids are
associated with ancient Egyptian
society, not Islam. (D) is also incorrect for a number of reasons.
First, Greek and Roman art
depicted human and animal forms, which would not have been
adopted by Islam. Second,
Islamic artistic expression was unique to the region and culture
and not derived from other
culfures.
64. In China, Confucianism emphasized the idea that
(A) equality should exist among all members of
society
salvation could be attained by prayer,
meditation, and good deeds
individual goals should be placed ahead of the
needs of the group
harmony could be achieved by the Proper
behavior of each member of the family or
society
(E) praying at regular intervals throughout the day
was all essential part of religious devotion
D Confucianism is a belief system that holds the needs of the group above the
needs of the
individual and declares that if each person lives up to the responsibilities
inherent to their role
in life (parent, to child, to ruler, subject), society will function in an orderly
way.
You can use POE to get the right answer even if you only remember the basics
of Confucianism.
(C) has to go because it is almost the opposite of Confucianism, which shesses
societal
obligations. (A) can be eliminated because Confucianism seeks to maintain a
class system and
hierarchy, not equality, by encouraging corresponding sets of obligations
between levels (such
as ruler and subject, or older brother and younger brother). Eliminate (B)
because Confucianism
is a social belief system concemed with social order, not a religion concerned
with salvafion.
Finally, (E) is not a description of Confucianism (praying?-not a religion!)but
rather of Islam.
65. All of the following were impacts of the Industrial
Revolution EXCEPT
(A) the rise of social and political reform
movements
(B) a manufacturing system based on division of
labor
(C) an increased demand for African slaves in
North America
(D) an increase in the number of independent
nations
(E) better methods of transportation, both on land
and water
D Industrialization led to increased demand and competition for resources and markets, as
well
as to a need to transport those resources (and the products they became) to and from
those
markets. European nations (and ]apan) found imperialism to be the most effective way of
securing these needs. The other choices are true and therefore not the answer. Working
conditions
in early factories were abhorrent, as were the living conditions in urban areas. Reform
movements to limit child labor, protect workers rights, and provide sanitary conditions did
arise, (A). Eliminate (B) because division of labor is intrinsically associated with the
Industrial
Revolution, and (C) since the invention of equipment like the gin mill and the growth of
plantations in the western hemisphere, there were increased demands for slaves. Finally,
cross
out (E) because the need to move people, resources, and goods between production sites
and
markets did lead to innovations in transportation technology.