Transcript causes of world war i

CHAPTER 29
WILSON AN PROGRESSIVISM
AT HOME AND ABROAD
1912-1916
Taft as President
Busted 90 trusts (more than TR)- Standard Oil & US Steel
Taft splits the Party- angers Progressives
Progressives wanted lower tariffs
 Payne-Aldridge Tariff- barely lowered the tariff; conservative
Republicans tacked on higher tariffs items like on canary seed, hides,
sea moss? (angers Progressives) “best bill the Republican Party ever
passed”-Taft
 Created Bureau of Mines- control mineral resources, rescue lands
from exploitation—more of a conservationist that TR
 Ballenger-Pinchot Controversy- fired Pinchot (TR’S boy)= TR
angered
 1911- Taft initiated a lawsuit against US Steel- involved a merger
that TR had personally OK’ed while pres.- angered TR
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TR Returns
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1910- TR RETURNS TO THE US- upset with Taft, Progressives upset
with Taft
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Taft supported by ‘Old Guard” Republicans-CONSERVATIVE
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TR supported by Progressive wing
National Progressive Republican League formed 1911
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Leading candidate for pres. Robert Lafollette
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1912- TR actively contacted governors to support his nomination
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New Nationalism- TR advocated increase US government power to
remedy economic & social problems.
The Republican Convention 1912
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Met in Chicago
TR 100 delegates short of nomination- Progressives
questioned legitimacy of 250 Taft delegates
Taft delegates controlled convention== majority
TR supporters =Progressive Republicans walked out
to support TR’s third Party candidacy.
Progressives Choose Roosevelt
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Chicago 1912- Pro- Roosevelt Progressives met (@2000) ; chose
TR as candidate.
Jane Addams placed TR’s name in nomination
Progressive Party nickname= “Bull Moose Party”
Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” - consolidation of trusts &
labor, accompanied by growth of regulatory agencies.
Campaigned for women suffrage
Social welfare programs (min. wage laws & social ins.)
Both TR & Wilson- favored more active government role in
economic & social affairs.
TR influenced by Herbert Croly- The Promise of American Life .
Democrats Choose a Candidate
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Democrats out of power since 1897
1912-Dems met in Baltimore; chose Dr. Woodrow Wilson
(46 ballots)- militant progressive, president of Princeton
(1902)
Gov. of NY (1910)
Attacked the trusts in NJ- returned the government to the
people.
“New Freedom”- stronger antitrust laws, banking reform,
tariff reductions= “Triple Wall of Privilege”
New Freedom- favored small business, free unregulated &
un-monopolized market, shunned social welfare, vigorous
enforcement of antitrust laws
Election Campaign of 1912
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Taft & TR attacked each other- “dangerous egotist” & “Fat
head”
1912 Milwaukee, Wis.- TR shot in the chest by a fanatic
(saloon keeper –John Shrank), delivered his speech-then
suspended his campaign for 2 weeks. “See it takes more
than a bullet to stop a Bull Moose”
* Wilson won the election (435 electoral votes; TR=88
electoral votes, Taft= 8 electoral votes)
Wilson a minority president= only won 41% of popular
vote
Taft & Roosevelt polled more votes than Wilson
Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) 6% of popular vote
Progressive Party faded= ran only one viable candidate
Socialists= elected more than 1000 to state & local office
Republicans are a minority
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Minority status in Congress for next 6 years
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kept out of the White House for 8 years
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Taft- taught law for 8 years– then was named
Chief Justice of Supreme Court (1921)
Wilson as President
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Born in Virginia, raised in Georgia & Carolina’s
1st man from seceded states to reach White House
since before the war
Ideas of self determination, faith in the masses
came from his Southern upbringing (failed to
address segregation)
Fervent piety, stubborn, aloof, sense of moral
righteousness
Wilson Attacks the Triple Wall
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1913- called Congress into special sessiondelivered presidential message himself (precedent)
Underwood Tariff – reduced rates significantly;
contained an income tax component.
16th Amendment (1913)- made income tax
constitutional.
1917- income TAX surpassed TARIFFS as main
source of US revenue
Wilson Reforms Banking
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1908- Congressional investigation led by Rep.
Senator Aldrich –recommended a gigantic bank with
many branches= a 3rd Bank of the US.
June 1913-Wilson appeared before Congressendorsed a decentralized bank in gov’t hands
1913- Federal Reserve Act- pres. Appoints a
federal reserve board; 12 reserve districts with own
central bank.
Issue paper currency (notes)=increased money
circulation
Federal Reserve enabled US to weather 1st WW
Wilson Tumbles the Third Wall-Trusts
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1914- Wilson went before Congress
1914- Federal Trade Commission created- crush
monopoly by investigating unfair trade practices,
unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling,
bribery & adulteration.
1914- Clayton Anti-Trust Act- strengthened Sherman
anti-trust; listed specific illegal practices: price
discrimination, interlocking directorates
Gave Labor Unions the right to exist & strike legally=
“Magna Carta” OF labor
Wilsonian Progressivism High Tide
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The La Follette Seaman’s Act (1915)-
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Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
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The Warehouse Act (1916)
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Workingman’s Compensation Act (1916)- assistance for civil-service
employees with disabilities.
** Keating-Owen Child Labor Law (1916)- short lived law;
outlawed sale of products made with child labor sold
between states. (interstate commerce). Reversed by Hammer
v. Dagenhart (1918)
The Adamson Act- est. 8 hour workday for employees on
RR on interstate trains with overtime pay.
Nominate Louis Brandeis-Supreme Court
Failed to address better treatment for blacks- increased segregation in
federal bureaucracy!
Wilson Foreign Policy
Hated imperialism, “Big Stick” diplomacy, & “Dollar
Diplomacy”
 1912- got Congress to REPEALED the Panama Canal Tolls
Act (1912)- had exempted US coastal shipping from tolls.
 The Jones Act (1916)- granted the Philippines territorial
status & eventual independence (July 4, 1946).
Wilson Intervention
 1914-1915- dispatched US Marines to Haiti to protect US
lives & property during a revolt; stayed 19 years= Haiti was
an American protectorate.
 1916- signed a treaty with Haiti- US supervision of police &
finances.
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Wilson Foreign Policy
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Used Marines in Dominican Republic to stop riots-US
controlled for 8 years.
1917- Wilson purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark=
Caribbean was becoming a Yankee Preserve
Mexico
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1913- US investors had pumped @ billion dollars into
Mexico– Mexican people remained poor & landless=
revolted!!
1913- murdered Mexican president & installed Gen.
Victoriano Huerta= mass Mexican migration to the US=
1900-1930 about 1 million Mexicans came to the US.
Wilson & Mexico
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Revolutionaries threatened US property & lives in Mexico.
US citizens including (William Randolph Hearst ) & others
demanded US action.
Wilson refused to recognize the government of Huerta
1914- Wilson supplied Huerta’s enemies (Venustiano Carranza
& Pancho Villa) with weapons.
April 1914 (Tampico Incident)- Mexican government arrested a
few US sailors then released & apologized.
Wilson asked Congress for permission to go to war
Wilson sent the navy & captured Vera Cruz
The “ABC” Powers negotiated a settlement
July 1914- Huerta gov’t collapsed- Carranza succeeded him
Wilson v. Poncho Villa
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Poncho Villa became the chief rival to Carranza
(Wilson’s guy)
Villa & men –killed 16 American mining engineers
in Northern Mexico Jan. 1916
Feb. 1916-Villa & men crossed into Columbus, NM
& killed 19 Americans
Wilson sent US troops led Gen. John J. Pershing to
capture Villa- clashed with Carranza forces & Villa
forces--- never captured Villa
Jan. 1917- US troops pulled out of Mexico because
of looming WWI
Pershing Pursues Villa
World War I
World War I
1st World War in history
•Great War or War to End all War
•Not called WWI until after WWII
•Total war
•Involved 60 nations and 6
continents
Cost of War
•$400 billion
•$10 million dollars an hour
16 million deaths
•First war of the Industrial
Revolution……
New Weapons vs old tactics of
fighting
world map
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Franz Ferdinand
Kaiser Wilhem President Wilson Czar Nicholas
Sen. Henry Lodge Sergeant Alvin York
Central Powers
Allied Powers
Eddie
Rickenbacker
Gen. John J. Pershing
Baron Manfred
von Richthofen
Valadir Leninn
Causes of World War I in Europe
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Imperialism
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Nationalism
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Militarism
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European Alliances
Nationalism
•Countries proud of their heritage
and culture
•Similar to patriotism
•Ethnic groups of similar heritage
wanted to free their oppressed
brethren and unite their people
into one country
•The Balkans (an area dominated
by Austria Hungary) wanted it’s
independence= nationalism
The Balkans Powder Keg
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1st Balkan War
(1912-1913)- Serbia,
Bulgaria, Greece,
Montenegro united
against Ottomans &
ousted them.
Serbia emerges as
dominant Slavic
power
Aggressive Nationalism
•Austrian-Hungarian
Empire controlled
several ethic groups.
Saravejo
•Serbian nationalists
wanted to untie Serbs
who lived in the
Austrian-Hungarian
Empire with Serbia.
•This led to the
assassination of the
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand.
alliances1
Imperialism
•France, Great Britain, Germany
and Russia were establishing
colonies in Africa and Asia
•economic and political control
over other countries……
•these countries were in
competition for colonies
European nations competing for colonies around the
world…..Imperialism
CartoonEuropean grab
bag
CartoonEuropean grab
bag
CartoonEuropean grab
bag
Militarism
•European nations
began an arms race as
they competed for
colonies around the
world……
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Russia] in
millions
of dollars.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into
the 3rd largest naval fleet in the world….
The Great White Fleet
Mobilization
Home by Christmas!
 No major war in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
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Alliances
•European nations began
forming military alliances with
one another to maintain a
balance of power ……..
Triple Alliance
Central Powers
Triple Entente
Allied Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary Empire
Great Britain
France, Russia
Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
later… Italy, Japan, & USA
1.
June 28
Assassination at
Sarajevo
2.
July 28
Austria-Hungary
declared war on
Serbia
3.
July 30
Russia began
mobilization
4.
August 1
Germany
declared war on
Russia
alliances1
5.
August 3
Germany
declared war on
France
6.
August 3
Great Britain
declared war on
Germany
7.
August 6
Russia and
Austria/Hungary
at war.
8.
August 12
Great Britain
declared war on
Austria/Hungary
alliances2
Europe is at WAR!!
battle fronts
•German invasion in August of
1914, through Belgium to
conquer France.
•Gave French and British
militaries enough time to
mobilize their army
•Belgium puts up a strong
fight.
•1st Battle of the Marne River,
France and Great Britain stop
Germany from capturing Paris.
•France, England and Germany
involve itself in trench warfare
from 1914 to 1918
battle fronts
Stalemate
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By September 1914, the war had
reached a stalemate, a situation
in which neither side is able to
gain an advantage.
When a French and British force
stopped a German advance near
Paris, both sides holed up in
trenches separated by an empty
“no man’s land.” Small gains in
land resulted in huge numbers of
human casualties.
Both sides continued to add new
allies, hoping to gain an
advantage.
Modern Warfare
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Neither soldiers nor officers were
prepared for the new, highly efficient
killing machines used in WW I.
Machine guns, hand grenades,
artillery shells, and poison gas killed
thousands of soldiers who left their
trenches to attack the enemy.
As morale fell, the lines between
soldiers and civilians began to blur.
The armies began to burn fields, kill
livestock, and poison wells.
•Panama Canal was completed in August
of 1914 just a week before WWI began in
Europe.
•Woodrow Wilson became President in
1912.
•President Wilson declared US
Neutrality
The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon
what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves
America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which
is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all
concerned.
The people of the United States are drawn from many nations,
and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and
inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy.
Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the
momentous struggle.
I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, the United States
must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days
that are to try men's souls.
wilson neutrality1
•US believed
•It had the right to trade
with the warring nations
•Warring nations must
respect our neutrality
•in the freedom of the
seas
•German submarine warfare
and British blockade violated
our neutrality
notes2
I Dare you to come, 1917……The Kaiser defies American rights,
national honor, freedom of the seas and international law……….
sandwich man
The US believed it had the right to trade with the warring
nations and they would respect our neutrality…….Didn’t happen!
The German submarine warfare and British blockade violated
our freedom of the seas and neutrality.
World War I Begins
Summer 1914- a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip
assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne (Archduke
Franz Ferdinand).
 Vienna issued an ultimatum to Serbia- Serbia, backed by
Russia (both Slavic speaking nations) refused the ultimatum
 Germany invaded France (through neutral Belgium) ; goal:
knock France out of the war quickly then repel Russia
(Schlieffen Plan)
 Britain-felt threatened & joined France & Russia (Allies)
& later Japan & Italy.
 Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
& later Turkey & Belgium
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The Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
Member of the
Black Hand
American Neutrality
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Pres. Wilson- proclaimed US neutrality; warned Americans to
be “ neutral in thought as well as deed”.
Central Powers & Allies wooed the US
Britain had the upper hand for America’s assistance: cultural
ties, linguistic, & economic ties.
The British controlled the flow of info that the US received
(controlled & eventually cut transatlantic cable).
British Propaganda- portrayed German atrocities
Central Powers hoped US immigrants (11 million with ties to
Central Powers) would sway the US.
American Neutrality
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Most Americans were anti-German
Kaiser Wilhelm II – viewed as arrogant & ruthless (invasion of
neutral Belgium).
1915- German spy- left briefcase on NY train= increased US
animosity towards Germany.
Most Americans-especially in the western states wanted to
remain neutral.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
American Economy & the War
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1914- as war broke out in Europe, the US economy
went into recession.
French & British war orders (for US war materials)
pulled the US out of recession= US prosperity.
US bankers (JPMorgan & Co.) advanced the Allies
$2.3 Billion during US neutrality.
Germany was free to trade with the US but British
blockades & geography prevented it.
US Economy & War
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The British controlled sea lanes & mined the North
Sea (gateway to German ports).
Britain forced US ships to off the high sea & into
British ports (trade between the US & Germany
stopped).
Feb. 1915- Germany announced a sub war area
around the British Isles.
Submarine-so new to warfare that international law
did not know how to administer it.
•The Germans could not match
Great Britain's superior navy.
•Germans introduced
unrestricted submarine
warfare with U-Boats
•Germans warned the world
they would sink any ship they
believed was carrying
contraband to Great Britain.
U-Boats
Two types
•small subs
with a crew of
24
•larger subs
with a crew of
60
•44 by 1918
•By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied
ships.
Effects of Allied blockade
•1914, $70 million in trade
with Central powers
•1916, trade reduced to
$1.3 million
Allied trade
•Grew from $825 million to
$3.2 billion in same time
period
•WWI transformed the US
from a debtor to a creditor
nation
Lusitania ad
German U-Boats- Push America Over the
Edge?
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German subs (U-Boats) – declared they would not try to sink
neutral shipping- but warned that mistakes could occur.
Wilson continued to claim neutral trade rights (risky!)= warned
Germany would be held to “strict accountability” for attacks
on US vessels or citizens.
1915- U-Boats sank 90 ships in the war zone around the British
Isles.
May 7, 1915- a U-Boat sank a British passenger ship
Lusitania (1,198 people killed- 128 Americans).
The Lusitania was carrying 4,200 cases of small arms
ammunition.
Lusitania
war zone
German U-Boat
The Sinking of the Lusitania
America Stays Neutral
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Americans were shocked & angered at the mass murder in the
Lusitania incident
Wilson & much of the US still wanted to avoid war– Wilson
sent strongly worded notes to the Germans (Sec. of State
Bryan resigned).
August 1915- British liner Arabic was sunk by U-Boat (2
American lives lost)= Germany agreed to sink no more
unarmed & unresisting passenger ships without warning.
March 1915- French passenger ship Sussex was sunk by a UBoat- an angered Wilson warned Germany to sink no more
merchant ships without warning or else!
X
Sussex Sunk: led to
Sussex Pledge in
March 1916. Germany
promised not to sink
war zone
anymore ships.
**The Sussex Pledge
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Germany agreed to sink no more passenger ships
without warning= the “Sussex Pledge”.
Germany attached “strings” to the pledge (US had to
persuade the Allies to modify the illegal blockade
around Germany).
Wilson could not guarantee- but accepted the Sussex
Pledge.
The Election of 1916
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Republicans & “Bull Moose” Progressives met in ChicagoProgressives nominated TR
TR refused to run (did not want to split the Republican vote)=
death of Progressive Party!
“Old Guard” Republicans nominated Charles Evan Hughes
(former Gov. of NY)Republican Platform – condemned Democratic tariff, attacks on
trusts, & Wilson’s “wishy-washy” nature (Mexico & Germany)
Hughes campaigned around the countryTR gave speeches comparing Hughes to Wilson (“whiskered
Wilson”)
Democrats Nominate Wilson Again
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Met in St. Louis- nominated Wilson for another term
Wilson ignored Hughes – “don’t try to murder
someone who is committing suicide”
Campaign Slogan: “He Kept Us Out of the War”
Election of 1916--Outcome
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Wilson wins a close election (277 to 254)
Westerners & Mid-westerners pushed Wilson over the
top (liked Progressive reforms & anti-war policies)
Wilson won the working class vote & Bull Moose
Progressive vote (bolted the Republican party)
Wilson had not specifically promised to keep the US
out of war- the promise was implicit.
Electoral Map 1916 Election