Transcript The Monarchs of Europe - MPHS

THE MONARCHS OF
EUROPE
The Power of Spain
1. The King becomes Emperor
Charles V and the
Empire
a.
i.
ii.
1516, became
Charles I of Spain
Member of the
Hapsburg family
iii. Ruled as an absolute monarch
1.
2.
A ruler whose power was not limited by having to
consult with nobles, common people or their own
representatives
Absolute monarchs also believed they ruled by divine
right
a.
Concept that states that monarchs received their power
from God and therefore must not be challenged
iv. Territory included Spain, Low Counties of Belgium
and the Netherlands plus colonies in the Americas
v. 1519, the Holy Roman Emperor’s throne was vacant
1.
2.
Position was elected
Charles borrowed money to buy the votes
vi. Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
1.
Gained land in Italy, Austria and parts of Germany
vii. Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic
1.
Growing Protestant movement threatened his
influence
viii. 1521- Declared Protestant leader Martin Luther
an outlaw
ix. Signed the Peace of Augsburg after years of
fighting
1.
2.
Signed in 1555
Gave each German prince the right to decide
whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant
x. Achieved more success in the Americas than in
Europe
1.
2.
Spanish explorers claimed much of the Americas
under his reign
Would bring gold, silver and wealth into Spain
b. Dividing the Empire
Charles V gave up his
thrones in 1556
i.
1.
Frustrated by his
failures in Europe
Divided empire between
his brother and his son
ii.
1.
2.
His brother took over
the Hapsburg holdings
in Austria
Philip II ( Charles’ son)
took over Spain, Sicily,
the Netherlands and the
Spanish colonies in the
America
2. Artistic Achievements
Art
a.
i.
El Greco
1.
2.
3.
Real name is
Domenicos
Theotocopolios
Work was religious
and reflected
Spain’s role in the
Counter Reformation
Famous for
elongated human
figures
ii. Diego Velazquez
1.
2.
Court painter
Painted people of all classes with dignity
b. Literature
i.
Miguel de Cervantes
Most famous work
“Don Quixote de la
Mancha”
1.
a.
About a man
caught between the
medieval world
and the modern
world
ii. Sister Juana Ines de la
Cruz
1.
2.
Wrote poetry, prose
and plays
Criticized by the
Church for her belief
that women had a
right to an education
3. Spain under Philip II
Religion and Revolt
a.
Philip was a devout Catholic
Married Queen Mary I of England
The Netherlands
i.
ii.
iii.
1.
2.
3.
A revolt occurred when the Dutch refused to declare
allegiance with Philip II
Army led by the Duke of Alba was sent to punish the
Dutch
Court of Blood
a.
Set up by Alba to try and torture those suspected to be
rebels
4. Revolted lasted for decades
5. 1609, a truce was formed
a.
b.
7 northern provinces became the independent nation
of the Netherlands
Southern provinces remained under the control of
Spain
b. Spain and England
i.
ii.
England had sent aid to the Dutch during its revolt
against Spain
Queen Elizabeth I also was allowing her ships’
captains to attack Spanish treasure ships coming
from the Americas
1.
2.
English ships were known as sea dogs
Sir Francis Drake was infamous sea dog
iii. In response to this Philip decided to invade England
1.
2.
Wanted to stop attacks on his ships
Wanted to return England to Catholicism
iv. Philip assembled the Spanish Armada
1.
2.
3.
1588, 130 ships with 20,000 soldiers and sailors set
sail for the English Channel
Fought England in a series of naval battles
English defeat the Armada
c. An Empire in Decline
i.
Internal Problems
Government was too centralized
1.
a.
Court was riddled with factions and suspicions
2.
a.
Philip trusted no one
Wealth of the Americas was spent on constant
warfare
3.
a.
b.
4.
Philip insisted on approving all decisions
Borrowed money often
Went bankrupt 4 times
Economy lagged behind that of others
Absolute monarch and France
1. Religious war and Henry IV
Conflict and a New Kings
a.
War broke out in 1562, in France, between the
Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)
1572, the Catholic Queen of France ordered the
killing of the Huguenots in Paris
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
i.
ii.
iii.
1.
2.
3.
Resulted from the order of the queen
Started with the killing of French Huguenots nobles
attending the wedding of Henry of Navarre
Henry escaped death by denying his religion
iv. 1593, Henry
converted to
Catholicism and was
crowed Henry IV
b. Compromise and Progress
1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes
i.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Granted Huguenots limited religious freedom of worship
Granted the right to hold office
Granted right to rule 200 towns where they already had
a majority
Document gave people the right to pick their own religion
Document also still declared Catholicism the official
religion
Also required Huguenots to support Catholic Church
financially
ii. Eliminated debt and built a surplus
iii. Would become one of France’s most respected
monarchs
2. Louis XIII and Richelieu
Louis XIII
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
Was very young when he became king
Mother served as his regent
Cardinal Richelieu would become his chief minister
and most trusted advisor
Louis XIII
Cardinal Richelieu
b. La Rochelle
i.
ii.
iii.
A Huguenot port city that had sided with the
English on a nearby island
Richelieu used that as a means to take the city
After 14 months of fighting , he took the city, tore
down its walls and made all churches Catholic
c. Nobles
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Louis and Richelieu saw nobles as a threat
Used spies and uncovered planned revolts
Punishments were severe
Richelieu also controlled foreign affairs as well
3. The Monarchy of Louis XIV
Rise of the Sun King
a.
Louis XIV
i.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Best example of an absolute monarch
Became king young and mother served as regent
Chief minister was Cardinal Mazarin
As a child he was taught the skills he would need to be
king
Supremely confident in his ability to rule
At 18, Cardinal Mazarin died and Louis declared he
would run the government
The sun was his personal symbol
b. Absolutism at Versailles
i.
ii.
iii.
Began tradition of absolute monarchy in France
He controlled all aspects of his government
including religion
Deprived the nobles of influence
iv. Built palace of Versailles outside of Paris
1.
2.
3.
Required nobles to come visit him there regularly
Nobles gained prestige by becoming part of his court
Urged nobles to develop expensive habits that would
them poorer and more dependent on his generosity
v. Every moment of his day required rituals performed
by bowing courtiers
c. Louis and Protestantism
i.
In 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes and
outlawed Protestantism
d. Money and the Military
i.
Finances were a concern because of the lifestyle he
had
ii. Jean-Baptiste Colbert
1.
2.
3.
4.
Finance minister
Limited imports and
increased exports
Simplified the tax
system
Also cut the debt
iii. Louis wanted to build up military and expand
territory
1.
Would become the most powerful ruler in Europe
e. War over the Throne
War of the Spanish Succession
i.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Most costly of all wars Louis fought
King of Spain died without an heir
Louis was one of 3 rulers to make a claim on the throne
European monarchs did not want France and Spain to be
aligned and opposed Louis’ claim
Netherlands and England went to war against France in
1701
Louis accepted the Treaty of Ulrecht in 1713 after many
defeats
ii. Treaty of Ulrecht
1.
2.
3.
Gave the Spanish throne to Louis’ grandson
Stated that Spain and France could not be united
under one ruler
Louis had to give up territory he had taken
iii. Louis remained in power until his death in 1715
Monarchs in England
1. The Tudors and Parliament
Two prominent
members of the Tudor
Family
a.
i.
Henry VIII of England
1.
2.
3.
Created the
Protestant Church of
England so he could
divorce his wife
Had Parliament pass
laws to end authority
of pope
1534, Act of
Supremacy declared
Henry the head of the
Church of England
ii. Elizabeth I
1.
2.
3.
1588, Crowned
Queen of England
after her sister Mary
died
Parliament helped her
pass laws that favored
Protestantism
Parliament wanted her
to marry, but she
refused
4. Was able to work with Parliament
a.
One reason, she allowed Parliament members to
speak their minds without fear of punishment
5. Though clearly in charge, some still questioned her
actions
6. Elizabeth died in 1603
2. The Stuarts and Parliament
James I
a.
i.
ii.
Became king when
Elizabeth died;
founded the Stuart
line
Believed in the
divine right of kings
and wanted to rule
as an absolute
monarch
iii. He had problems with Parliament
1.
2.
3.
He lacked funds to spend
He was considered an outsider
Rarely able to get Parliament to approve all the
funds he wanted
iv. Puritans
1.
2.
Group of strict Calvinist
Wanted to reform the Church of England
a.
Thought some practices were still too Catholic
Wanted to take away power from Church officials
3.
a.
b.
Was seen as a threat by James
James refused to pass most of the reforms of the Puritans
4. Wanted a Bible to be published in English
a.
This is one reform that James agreed to
v. James died in 1625
b. Charles I
Youngest son of
James I
ii. 1628, Charles
requested money
from Parliament
i.
1.
Parliament would
not agree until
Charles signed the
Petition of Right
Document placed limits on King’s power
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
King could not levy taxes without parliament
approval
No false imprisonment
Could not force citizens to house soldiers
Could not declare martial law in peace time
iii. Charles would tax people on his own and forced
bankers to lend him money
iv. 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament and ruled
without consulting them
3. The English Civil War
Parliament Reconvenes
a.
1640, Charles reconvened Parliament to ask for
money because of his debt
Would become known as the Long Parliament
i.
ii.
1.
2.
Would not grant request until he agreed to some terms
a.
Parliament must meet once every 3 years
a.
King could not longer dismiss Parliament
Charles agreed but had every intention to dismiss them
later
b. War with Parliament
i.
ii.
iii.
Puritan group within Parliament wanted to abolish
the appointment of bishops within the Anglican
Church
Charles tried to arrest them for treason
People had escaped but Charles had shown he
was going to take back Parliament
iv. 1642, The English War began
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
King had no funding and relied on the supporters for
money
Supporters of Charles were called Royalist
Parliament voted for funding
Parliament supporters were called Roundheads
Leader of the Roundheads was Oliver Cromwell
a.
b.
6.
was an army general
Rose to power to become commander-in-chief of Parliament
army
1646, Charles surrendered to Cromwell
c. Trial and Execution
i.
Charles was put on trial
1.
2.
3.
He defended himself; He refused to recognize the
authority of Parliament
Was sentenced to death
January 30, 1659, Charles was publicly beheaded
d. England under Cromwell
England’s government changed
i.
1.
2.
England was a commonwealth
ii.
1.
iii.
iv.
v.
House of Commons abolished House of Lords
Monarch was outlawed
A republican government based on the common good of
the people
Cromwell was given the title “Lord Protector of
England, Scotland and Ireland”
Cromwell demanded complete obedience
Cromwell closed theaters and limited other forms of
public entertainment
Oliver Cromwell
e. Defender of Absolutism
Thomas Hobbes
i.
A Royalist
Wrote “Leviathan”
1.
2.
a.
b.
3.
Describes human
beings as naturally
selfish and fearful
Argues that people
needed an all
powerful monarch to
tell them how to live
Views sparked
controversy
4. The Monarch Returns
The Restoration
a.
Parliament voted to bring back the monarchy after
Cromwell died
i.
1.
ii.
This is known as the Restoration
Invited Charles I’s son to be the new king, but with
certain conditions
b. Charles II
i.
Religious tensions
1.
2.
Supported religious
tolerance for
Catholics
Parliament insisted
upon laws that
strengthened the
Church of England
ii. Restoration years were both positive and negative
1.
Positives
a.
b.
Theaters reopened
Passage of Habeas Corpus Act of 1679
i.
Guaranteed that someone accused of a crime had the right
to appear in court to determined if the accused should be
held or release
2. Negatives
1665, the Bubonic Plague returned
1666, the Great Fire of London
a.
b.
i.
Charles would support public construction projects after
this
iii. Charles II died in 1685
c. James II
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Brother of Charles II
Was a Catholic
Believed in right to
rule as an absolute
monarch
Not popular with the
people
d. The Glorious Revolution
i.
1688, James’ daughter Mary and her husband
William were invited to be King and Queen of
England
1.
ii.
Became William III and Mary II
This transfer of power is known as the Glorious
Revolution
William III
Mary II
iii. Changes in government
1.
2.
Parliament had crowned a new king and queen
Had new monarchs sign the English Bill of Right
before taking power
a.
b.
Prevented monarchs from levying taxes without consent
of Parliament
Central to England’s growth as a Constitutional Monarchy
i.
Monarchy limited by law
Rulers of Russia and Central Europe
1. The Monarch of Ivan IV
Russia before Ivan IV
a.
i.
ii.
Russia was run by
church officials and
boyars (landowning
nobility)
When Ivan takes
power he claims title
of czar (Russian for
caesar)
b. Reforms of Ivan
i.
Reforms made during early years of his reign
1.
2.
3.
ii.
Created a council that included merchants and lower
level nobles
Began to promote military leaders based on merit
Drew up a new legal code
These and others helped reduced boyars’ power
c. Ivan the Terrible
i.
During 1560s Ivan changed
1.
ii.
iii.
His actions and policies sealed his title as Ivan the
Terrible
Became suspicious of his closest advisors and sent
them away killing many of their supporters
Created private police force of 6000
1.
Purpose was to investigate and punish opposition
iv. 1565, he seized land from 12,000 boyars
v. 1581,he killed his own son
1.
Left Russia without an heir
vi. This period is known as the Time of Troubles
vii. Ivan IV died in 1613
1.
Michael (relative of his 1st wife) was crowned czar
a.
1st in the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia until 1917
2. Peter the Great
Early Rule
a.
Began czar in 1682 when he was a child
i.
1.
Sister insisted on ruling in his place
At 17, he removed his sister from power and took
over
Peter’s appearance
ii.
iii.
1.
2.
3.
6 ½ ft tall
Extremely strong
Had a strong personality and boundless energy
iv. Azov
1.
2.
3.
4.
Located on the Black Sea and held by the Turks
Peter led an attack on it and failed
Inspired to build a navy
After completion of navy attacked Azov again and
won
b. Modernization and Reform
i.
ii.
Peter knew Russia had to modernize to keep up
with Europe
He was determined to bring elements of Western
culture to Russia
1.
iii.
This process is called westernization
In 1692, Peter journeyed to Europe
1.
2.
3.
Traveled in disguise but was still recognized
Learned hands on skills, i.e. shipbuilding
Recruited European experts to bring skills to Russia
iv. The Streltsy
1.
2.
3.
4.
A military corps
Believed they wanted to put his sister on the throne
Had many members tortured and executed
Disbanded the Streltsy and organized a more
modern army
v. Reforms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Brought Church under state control
Built up Russian industry
Started 1st newspaper in Russia
Sponsored new schools
Modernized the calendar
Promotions based on service instead of social status
Wanted people to dress more European
He is often considered the founder of modern Russia
c. Founding of St. Petersburg
i.
ii.
iii.
Peter founded a new city
Came as a result of a war fought with Sweden for
warm water ports
Built new capital, St. Petersburg
3. Catherine the Great
Catherine takes
power
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
A German princess
married to Czar Peter
III
Her husband was
weak and incompetent
She seized power
after Peter’s death
Was declared
Catherine II Czarina of
Russia
b. Early Reform
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Saw herself as the true successor of Peter the
Great
Built a bronze statue of Peter in St. Petersburg to
legitimize her claim to the throne
Influence by major European thinkers of her time
She reformed Russia’s legal and educational
system
Removed some restrictions on trade
Promoted the arts and sciences
c. Challenges to Catherine’s Rule
i.
Within first year Catherine was involved in a
major conflict with Poland
1.
2.
3.
4.
Poland wanted to be free of Russian influence
1768, Ottoman Empire sided with Poland
Russia will go to war and eventually win
Russia will receive half of Poland and territory on the
Black Sea
ii. Rebellion inside Russia
1.
2.
Yemelyan Pugachev was traveling around Russia claimed
to be Peter III
Gained support, but rebellion was put down and he was
captured and beheaded
iii. Revolt led Catherine to completely reorganize local
government
1.
Administration on the local level was placed in the hands
of the landowners and nobles
a.
In return they had their taxes reduced and were given
absolute control over their land and peasants
4. Monarchy and Conflict in Central
Europe
The Thirty Years War
a.
Began as a religious dispute in 1618
i.
1.
2.
Prague was an area under the Holy Roman Emperors
control and one of his officials went there and ordered
that the two Protestant Churches be shut down
Protestants threw the official out of the palace windows
This spared a revolt
ii.
1.
Nobles in German states of Bavaria and Austria
rebelled against the emperor, others would join later
iii. War would involve other nations
1.
2.
Spain joined the emperors side
France sided with the Protestants as well as Denmark
and Sweden
iv. War lasted until 1648
1.
Both sides agreed to the Treaty of Westphalia
a.
b.
Treaty extended religious toleration to both Catholics
and Protestants
Also limited the emperors power
b. Austria and Prussia
i.
ii.
Austria and Prussia gained from the treaty
Austria was governed by the Hapsburgs
iii. Charles VI
1.
2.
Holy Roman Emperor
died in 1740 without a
male heir
Before he died
approved the
Pragmatic Sanction
a.
3.
Position could now be
passed to female heir
Daughter Maria
Theresa would take
throne
Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great
iv. Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Austrian
provinces of Silesia
v. Frederick offered to help Maria Theresa’s husband
become the Holy Roman Emperor, she refused
vi. War of the Austrian Succession broke out in 1740
vii. Involved Spain, France and two other states
viii. Maria Theresa asked for peace in 1748
1.
Prussia kept Silesia