Transcript ap review session #3 4/11/05

AP REVIEW SESSION #3
1450-1750
Changes in Europe affect the whole world
• Note status of Europe pre-1450
• 1450: Europe in early stages of
growth
• 1750: Europe dominating world trade,
cause for population movements,
governments, interactions w/
indigenous populations
REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT
& EXPRESSION IN EUROPE
The Renaissance
(ch. 14)
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Post Black Death: increase in population, trade, middle class
Medieval Europe: Church and afterlife; local concerns for well-being
Crusades: brought ancient texts back from Islamic/Byzantine regions
Humanism: celebration of human achievements; poetry, history,
language, moral philosophy
Northern Italy: trade city-states
Art: real human figures, 3-D, palaces/cathedrals (Sistine Chapel)
Michelangelo, Leo da Vinci,
Spread to North and Western Europe
Art/artists commissioned by Church and secular leaders
Printing Press: Johannes Gutenberg (tech from Song China); allowed
texts in native languages
New writing: Machiavelli, Thomas More, Erasmus, Shakespeare
Protestant and CounterReformations (ch. 16)
Protestant Reformation:
Role of printing press
• 1517 Martin Luther/ 95
Theses
• Lutherans, Calvinists
• Henry VIII and Anglican
Church of England
• Southern Europe: mostly
Catholic
• Northern
Germany/Scandanavia:
Lutheran
• Scotland (Calvinist),
England (Anglican)
Counter-Reformation
• Win back souls
• Clarify position, supreme
authority of pope
• Role of Jesuits: example
and conversions
• Council of Trent 15451563: Church’s positions,
trials of heretics, Latin
The Scientific
Revolution and
Enlightenment (ch. 16)
Scientific Revolution
• Role of Renaissance/Prot. Ref
• 1543 Copernicus: Heliocentric
theory
• 1632 Galileo: proved Helio
theory; question Church
authority
• Works banned
• Scientific method
• Rift in society: Church vs.
Scientific findings
Enlightenment
• Reform society w/ rational laws
that governed society
• Divine right vs. reason
• Social Contract
The Dead Guys:
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679):
Leviathan; man evil, need good
ruler
Locke(1632-1704): born free,
inalienable rights
Rousseau (1712-1778): all men
equal, majority rule
Voltaire; Montesquieu
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPECIFIC
COUNTRIES AND EMPIRES:
1450-1750
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Spain/Portugal
England
France
Germany
Ottoman Empire
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Russia
India
China
Japan
Spain/Portugal
(ch. 14, 15)
• 1469 King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella unite
Spain
• Support of exploration; naval fleet
• Charles V (Hapsburg, inherited empire), abdicated
in 1556. Phillip II took throne
• Spanish Inquisition again, Dutch Netherlands
independent
• Defeated by English in 1588
• Gold from New World not enough to maintain
power
England (ch. 16)
• Henry VIII 1509-1547: Church of England
• Elizabeth (Henry’s daughter): golden age
• Elizabethan Age 1558-1603: commercial expansion,
exploration, colonization (joint-stock companies)
• Religious battles- Puritans
• English Civil War 1641: Oliver Cromwell
• Establishment of English Commonwealth; Stuart
Restoration 1660-1688
• Glorious Revolution 1688: bloodless, William & Mary of
Netherlands; English Bill of Rights 1689: monarchs
Anglican and powers limited
France (ch. 16)
• 100 Year’s War: English out of France
• 1598 Edict of Nantes: toleration b/t Catholics and
Hugenots (French Protestants)
• Bourbon Kings until 1792
• Cardinal Richelieu: advisor to Bourbons to strengthen Fr.
Crown; Cardinal Mazarin & Louis XIV
• Louis XIV: “Sun King”; glorify France w/ arts; Versailles
• Jean Baptist Colbert: mercantilist; warfare increase size of
Fr. Empire
• Wars very costly, still center of the arts
German Regions (ch. 16)
• Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman
Turks in 1500s
• 30 Yr’s War (1618-1648) weakened HR Emperors
• 1700s, Prussia (northern German city-sts) gaining power
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg: end C vs. P wars, but 30 Yr’s
War ended it
• 30 Yr’s War: France benefit, most powerful ctry; Prussia
dominate German territories
• 1648 Peace of Westphalia: small German c-s independentPrussia
Ottoman Empire (ch. 19)
• End of Mongols = start of Ottoman Empire
• 1453 Turks take Constantinople, end Byz
Empire; Christianity out, Islam in
• Growth of empire = Janissaries
• Selim I 1512- Islamic center @ Istanbul
• Suleiman the Magnificent: 1520, golden
age, push to Eastern Europe- Hungary,
siege of Vienna
Russia (ch. 20)
• Center of Orthodox Christianity after fall of Byzantines
• 1480 Ivan III: no more Mongols; Ivan IV (the Terrible)
estab absolute rule; Cossacks used to expand East
• 1613 Michael Romanov (Dynasty to 1917)- consolidate
power expand empire
• 1689: Russia to Pacific Ocean, border w/ Qing Empire
• Peter the Great: 1682-1725: Westernization; use of serfs
• Catherine the Great: 1762-1796: enlightened despot,
westernization; expansion to Poland and Black Sea; use of
serfs
India (ch. 19)
• 1526: Babur defeated Delhi Sultanate
• Mughal Empire: united India, previously not done
• Akbar: 1556-1605 religious toleration for H & I;
no more head tax or sati; allowed for mixing
• Golden Age of art, architecture: Taj Mahal
• Post-Akbar India: no religious toleration and Euro
involvement
• Pre-1750: Europeans not seen as threat to India;
trade allowed
China (ch. 20)
• 1368-1644: Ming Dynasty; Confucian, civil
service exam
• Zheng He!!! Why did he go? Why did he come
back?
• 1644: Qing Dynasty (Manchu from north); Kangxi
1662-1722, Qianlong 1735-1795
• Expansion of Chinese empire while closing off to
outside world
• Canton System
• McCartney Mission 1793
Japan (ch. 20)
• 1185 Kamakura -> 1500 Ashikaga ->
• 1600-1868 Tokugawa Shogunate: capital to Edo
(Tokyo); seclusion from outside
• Class system, decentralized
• Industrial families
• Closing of Japan to prevent spread of foreign
influence (Dutch allowed at Deshima)
• Regional “outer” lords profited from illegal trade
EUROPEAN
EXPLORATION
and
EXPANSION
Pre-1450: land travel; Indian Ocean &
Med. Sea linked up w/ routes thru Persia,
Arabia, N.Africa, C. Asia from Silk Road
Portuguese and
Spanish Explorations
(ch.
15)
Portugal
Spain
• Geography
• Royal family supported
exploration
• Prince Henry the
Navigator,
• 1488: Dias rounds
southern tip of Africa
• 1497: Vasco da Gama,
rounds Cape of Good
Hope; E. Africa, India
• Control of Brazil
• United; F & I financed
explorations
• 1492: Columbus thought
China/India located where
Americas are- found Cuba
and West Indies
• 1494- Treaty of
Tordesillas
• Spain controlled most of C
& S. America;
Explorers and Technology
(ch. 15)
God, Gold, Glory
Vespucci
Cabot
Ponce de Leon
Vasco de Balboa
Magellan
Pizarro vs. Atahualpa
Cortes vs. Montezuma
Drake
Hudson
Technologies
• Lateen sails
• Astrolabe
• Magnetic Compass
• Three-Masted Caravels
Impact of Explorations: New
World Empires
(ch. 15, 17)
• 1519: Cortes to Mexico; Aztecs; no horses
-Montezuma thought Cortes a god, sent gold
-Cortes and men took capital, decimated empire
1531: Pizarro meets Atahualpa (Incan emperor);
Incas destroyed, Pizarro in control of region by
1535
Patterns of Dominance: 1) Isolation = vulnerability
2) Spanish military tech; steel, horses 3) established
practices of forced labor, conversion, empire
building from Europe
LABOR SYSTEMS
(ch. 17, 19)
Social Hierarchy:
Peninsulares  Creoles  Mestizos
Mulattos  native Americans
Encomienda System
(ch. 17)
• Viceroys ran Spanish empire “New Spain”
• Natives divided among Peninsulares for labor
• Discovery of silver in Peru and Mexico in 1540s
meant more demand
• Mita system: Amerindians forced to work 6
months/yr (every 7 yrs) in mines, farms, textile
factories
• African slave labor introduced as Amerindian
population declined
African Slave
Trade/Atlantic System
(ch. 18)
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Portuguese took slaves in early explorations
Demand from New World plantations
African rulers cooperated w/ slavers– why?
Atlantic System: food, goods, weapons for
people; Triangle Trade, etc.
• What motivated Euros? Africans?
Demographic Shifts
Environmental Changes
Columbian Exchange
• Whole civilizations wiped out: Arawak,
Aztec, Inca
• European emigration
• Forced migrations
• Growth of middle class in Europe; power of
colonial gov’ts growing
• Massive changes from 1450!!!
The Columbian Exchange
• New foods, animals, resources to New
World
Europe/Africa to Americas: horses, pigs,
goats, chili peppers, sugar cane
Americas to Europe/Africa: squash, beans,
corn, potatoes, cacao
• Diseases, weapons, people transferred
A New Global Economy
• Age of Exploration b/c of financing, support by
gov’t and rulers
• Banking; Church gave in to state interests
• Joint-stock companies got royal charters for
colonies
• Colonies or monopolies on trade routes
• British East India Co, Dutch East India Co.
• Mercantilism- all about the mother country; raw
materials and markets
• Resentment in colonies
Comparisons
• Compare European monarchies w/ land-based
Asian Empires
• Compare labor systems: Atlantic slave trade;
plantation vs. encomienda systems
• Compare the building of empires in Asia, Africa,
Europe: how was power consolidated? Who had
control? Who lost it?
• Compare Russia’s interaction w/ West and China
or the Ottoman Empire
The Big Picture!
Questions to consider:
1. Why did Europe become the dominant power
1450-1750? Why were some European nationstates develop vast empires?
2. How did the various non-European cultures
interact w/ Europeans? Why? Consequences?
3. How did the global economy change from 14501750?
4. How were the world’s civilizations impacted?