Transcript Back to the Future

“Back to the Future”
SOL World History II: 1500 to the
Present Flashcards in reverse
chronological order
• Built by Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt
• Built on Nile River
• Created Hydroelectricity for the country of
Egypt in the 1960’s
• Flooded Nubian relics/artifacts
Aswan High Dam
• Female Prime Minister of Israel
• A close ally of the United States
• Fought 6 Day War, as well as Operation Wrath
of God following Munich Olympics of 1972
Golda Meir
• Partitioned from the country of Palestine
following WWII by the newly formed United
Nations
• Caused a great deal of animosity between
Jews and Muslims
• Close ally of the United States
Israel
• Fought against South African apartheid system
• Imprisoned for 27 Years
• Became the first Black African President of
South Africa in 1993
• “There is no easy walk for freedom anywhere”
Nelson Mandela
• Means “apartness”
• Government program in South Africa to
separate the races with the white minority
(Afrikaner) population holding the majority of
the land and power
• Ended in 1989
Apartheid
• First president of an independent Kenya,
following independence from Great Britain
• Supported the Mau Mau rebellion against the
British
Jomo Kenyatta
• Former colony of France in Northern Africa
• White “Settler” Colony with 2 million French
citizens “colons” who lived there
• Violent fight for independence from France in
the 1960’s…ultimately won
Algeria
• Formerly named the Gold Coast, when it was
a colony of Great Britain
• Gained its independence from Great Britain
• Relied on cacao as its main cash crop
• Led by Kwame Nkrumah
• Named after a famous African civilization
Ghana
• Created by the United Nations in 1947
• Promise that the members of the United
Nations would never led another genocide,
like the Holocaust, happen again
• Also guaranteed self-determination
UN Declaration of Human Rights
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1st Prime Minister of independent India
Close friend of Mohandas Gandhi
Worked to modernize India
Father of Indira Gandhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
• 1947: This country was divided into two
separate countries with a Muslim population
in the north, and a Hindu population in the
south.
• Great deal of fighting as 10 million people
were on the move on the subcontinent
• Still considered the most dangerous border
Partition of India (and Pakistan)
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Known as the “great soul” of India
Led movement for passive resistance
Salt March, Hunger Strikes
Greatly saddened by the partition of India
Was assassinated by a Hindu extremist who
felt he gave away too much to the Muslims
Mohandas Gandhi
• Formed in India in the late 1800’s
• Mostly made up of elites (doctors,
professionals, etc.) who wanted to work
diplomatically for the independence of India
from Great Britain
Indian National Congress
• Leader of Communist People’s Republic of
China during the Tiananmen Square protest of
1989
• Allowed limited capitalism into China
Deng Xiaoping
• Last leader of the Soviet Union
• Implemented glasnost and perestroika
• Only VIP from World History who is still alive
Mikhail Gorbachev
• Part of Mikhail Gorbachev’s campaign
• Means economic restructuring, allowing for
some limited capitalism
• Contributed to the break-up of the Soviet
Union in 1991
Perestroika
• Prime Minister of Britain in the 1980’s
• Known as the “Iron Lady”
• Close ally with Ronald Reagan
Margaret Thatcher
• Daughter of Nehru
• Prime Minister of India
• Oversaw the creation of the atomic bomb for
India (“Operation Smiling Buddha”)
• Assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984
after she ordered an attack on the Sikh Golden
Temple
Indira Gandhi
• Communist leader of Vietnam
• Led resistance against the French and then the
United States
• Leader of the Vietcong and the successful Tet
Offensive
Ho Chi Minh
• Nationalist leader of China
• Supported by the United States
• Took over island of Taiwan and ruled it as
Nationalist China
Chiang Kai-shek
• Idea that if the United States launched their
nuclear arsenal at the USSR, the USSR would
launch their nuclear arsenal at the USA
• Total end of the world
Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
• Idea that if one place fell to Communism, then
the other would follow
• Justified the idea of Containment, as well as
frequent US involvement in Asia and Latin
America during the Cold War
Domino Theory
• Conflict between the USSR and the USA
• Followed the failed Bay of Pigs invasion
• Stand-off between President Kennedy (USA)
and Premier Khruschev (USSR)
• As a result, US promised to never invade Cuba
again and remove missiles from Turkey and
USSR removed their missiles from Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Line of Division between North and South Korea,
drawn by the United Nations
• North of this line = communist, South of the this
line= non-communist
• North Korean invaded South Korea, UN helped
South Korea push back North Koreans, who were
then aided by China
• After war- border returned to same line
• Ceasefire (not Peace)
• Still an area of conflict today
38th Parallel
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Built in 1961
Divided former capital of Germany
Torn down in 1989
Guards were ordered to “shoot to kill”
Berlin Wall
• Organization formed following WWII
• Replaced League of Nations
• Has its own Peace-Keeping Force
United Nations
• Phrase coined by Churchill
• Figurative divide in Europe between capitalism
and communism
• Between Eastern and Western Europe
Iron Curtain
• US joined alliance following WWII
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO
• Idea that nuclear arsenal will intimidate other
countries and keep us safe from attack
Deterrence
• Truman’s Policy against communism
• Don’t let it spread any further
• Justification for US involvement in Korea and
Vietnam
Containment
• Court for former Nazi leaders
• Sentenced to death- hanged and then bodies
were cremated in ovens at Dachau
Nuremberg Trials
• 2 main superpowers following WWII
USA vs. USSR
• 2 ethnic groups fighting in Rwanda
• Genocide in April 1994
• “cut down the tall trees”
Hutus and Tutsis
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Leader of Khmer Rouge in Cambodia
“Killing Fields”
Closed borders and outlawed money
Died of a heart attack before he could be tried
for War Crimes
Pol Pot
• Genocide during WWI
• Deportation of Christians by Turks
• 2 million died
Armenians
• Hitler’s “Master Race”
• Blond Haired/ Blue- Eyed
Aryans
• Systematic and purposeful destruction of a
group of people
• Ex: Holocaust
Genocide
• Leader of Japan
• Forced to renounce his divinity as part of
terms of unconditional surrender at end of
WWII
Emperor Hirohito
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Leader of the Nazi Party
Took over Germany
Anti-Semitism
Orchestrated the Holocaust, which he called
the “final solution”
Hitler
• Prime Minister of England during WWII
• Inspired British during the Battle of Britain
• Coined the phrase “Iron Curtain”
Winston Churchill
• US extended money and credit to recovering
countries in Europe to try and make them
capitalistic and encourage democracies
Marshall Plan
• US President during much of WWII
• Orchestrated the New Deal to try and bring
the United States out of the Great Depression
President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
• August 6th, 1945
• 1st Atomic bomb dropped by the United States
on this Japanese City
Hiroshima
• December 7th, 1941
• Japanese attack on Hawaiian naval base
• FDR called it “a date which will live in infamy”
Pearl Harbor
• Hitler violated his treaty with Stalin and
invaded Russia
• The Nazi’s were ultimately defeated at this
conflict
Battle of Stalingrad
• German aerial attack on London and other
cities
• 1940
• “Keep Calm and Carry On”
Battle of Britain
• German invasion of this country officially
began WWII
• The secret Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact,
agreed to divide up this country between
Germany and USSR
Poland
• Meeting between Hitler and Chamberlain
• Hitler would maintain control of Sudetenland
• Example of appeasement (giving into an
aggressor to maintain peace)
• Chamberlain returned to Britain and
proclaimed there would be “Peace in our
Time”
Munich Conference
• To give into an aggressor to maintain peace
• Example: Munich Conference
Appeasement
• Japanese General
• In charge of attack on Pearl Harbor
• Executed following WWII
Hideki Tojo
• Mussolini invaded Ethiopia to try and restore
the glory of _____________
• Capital of Italy
• Last area to join in the unification of Italy
(Papal States)
Rome
• Extreme Nationalism
• Implemented in Italy by Mussolini
Fascism
• Stalin’s plan for silencing anybody he
perceived to be a threat
• Millions in the USSR were sent to Siberian
labor camps or killed
Great Purge
• Term for discrimination against Jews
• Hitler applied this in Germany
Anti-Semitism
• Stalin’s plan to consolidate former landholdings into huge areas, run by 10-20 families
Collectivization of Farms
• Stalin’s quota system for increased production
5 Year Plans
• October 29th, 1929
• “Black Tuesday”
• In the United States, but had global
ramifications
• Beginning of the Great Depression
Stock Market Crash
• Tax on foreign goods
• Attempt to make Americas “buy American”
• Foreign governments then taxed American
goods, decreasing US exports
Tariffs
• Set up following WWI to rule former
territories of Ottoman Empire in Middle East
• Middle East was outraged and felt this was
just neo-colonialism on the part of Europe
Mandates
• Mandates of Great Britain following WWI
• Organized by the League of Nations
Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq
• Mandates of France following WWI
• Set up by the League of Nations
Lebanon and Syria
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Leader of USSR following Lenin
5 Year Plans
The Great Purge
“Man of Steel”
Joseph Stalin
• Leader of Bolsheviks
• Inspired by Marxism
• Snuck back into Russia by Germans in a sealed
boxcar
• After Bolshevik Revolution, led Russia
V.I. Lenin
• October 1918
• Overthrow of the Provisional Government by
Lenin and Trotsky and the Red Guard
• Signed separate peace treaty with Germany to
get Russia out of WWI
Bolshevik Revolution
• “Strange Monk”
• Infiltrated Russian High Society
• Close advisor to Alexandra and her
hemophiliac son, Alexei
• Assassinated
Rasputin
• Last Romanov leader of Russia
• Led Russia during WWI
• Forced to abdicate the throne, later executed
(along with entire family) by the Bolsheviks
Tsar Nicholas II
• 1905
• Conflict over control of a Peninsula in East Asia
• Russia lost, great embarrassment of Russia,
Nicholas II lost support
Russo-Japanese War
• Wilson’s 14th Point
• Organization to mediate conflict to try and
avoid war
• United States was NOT a member (US senate
didn’t ratify the Treaty of Versailles)
League of Nations
• Germany was forced to accept blame for WWI
• One of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
• Caused a lot of resentment in Germany,
because Germans felt they were just helping
their ally Austria-Hungary, and didn’t start
WWI themselves
War Guilt Clause
• Ended WWI
• Punished Germany
• Set up Mandates in the former Ottoman
Empire
• In many ways, led to WWII
Treaty of Versailles
• Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico
• Asked Mexico to invade US and regain Texas
and American Southwest
• Provoked US to enter WWI
Zimmerman Note
• Passenger Cruise Ship sunk by German Uboats
• 128 Americans died
• Pushed US towards entering WWI
Lusitania
• Dominant method of fighting on Western
Front during WWI
• Stalemate
• Fought over “no man’s land”
Trench Warfare
• Assassinate with wife Sophia by Gavrillo
Princip
• Spark that began WWI
• Killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• 4 MAIN causes of WWI
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism,
Nationalism
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“society of Harmonious Fists”
Rid China of “foreign devils” (Christians)
Also against Qing Dynasty
1898-1900
Boxer Rebellion
• Commodore of US Navy
• Forced Japan to open its borders to trade with
United States
Matthew Perry
• Built in Egypt to connect the Red Sea and
Mediterranean Sea
• Controlled by Great Britain until nationalized
by Nasser in the 1960’s
Suez Canal
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Held 1884-1885
Carved up the Continent of Africa
2 Rules:
-can’t claim land already controlled by
another European country
• -control the “natives”
Berlin Conference
• Area where a country HAS to trade with
another country
• Formerly called enclaves
• Example: China
Sphere of Influence
• Country’s government directly controlled by
it’s “mother country”
• For economic benefit of the Mother Country
Colonies
• Industrialized countries’ quest for cheap raw
materials and markets for their goods
• Occurred in Africa and Asia
Imperialism
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Prime Minister of Prussia
Instrumental in the unification of Germany
Realpolitik
Blood and Iron
Otto von Bismarck
• Army of Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Helped liberate Southern Italy
• Helped in Unification of Italy
Red Shirts
• Co-author of Communist Manifesto (with
Frederich Engels)
• Believed capitalism resulted in unequal
distribution of wealth
• Worker’s revolt to socialism to communism
Karl Marx
• Economic system in the United States
• Free Market Economy
• Limited government involvement
Capitalism
• Key tool of unions
• Negotiate on behalf of its members for
wages/working conditions, etc.
Collective Bargaining
• The right to vote
• Movement for the right to vote for womenmost countries granted after WWI
• US 19th Amendment (1920)
Suffrage
• Organizations for workers
• Represented the workers in negotiations with
companies
• Most potent weapon= strikes
Unions
• Favorite group to be employed by many
factories
• Paid ½ of woman’s wages
• Eventually led to compulsory elementary
education
Child Labor
• Unregulated factories
• Disposal of bi-products of industries
• Damaging to environment
Pollution
• The movement to live in cities
• Greatly increased during the Industrial
Revolution
• Overcrowding
Urbanization
• Invented the steam engine
• Unit of measurement named after him
• Steam engine originally pumped water out of
mines
James Watt
• Created to make a stronger steel process
• Steel used to build during 2nd Industrial
Revolution
Bessemer Process
• Discovered germs and bacteria
• Process to heat liquids (like milk) to kill off
bacteria
Pasteur
• Created by Edward Jenner
• Injection of less potent strain to build
immunity in body
Smallpox Vaccination
• Invented by Eli Whitney
• Removed seeds
• Led to an increased reliance on slavery in the
American South
Cotton Gin
• Invention of James Hargreaves
• Could produce thread 6x faster
• Named after his daughter
Spinning Jenny
• M&M’s
• 2 Major Goals of Imperialism
Markets and Materials
• Early form of capitalism
• Division of labor to produce goods
• Product travelled from house to house
Cottage Industry
• Fencing off of lad by wealthy landholders
• Poor farmers displaced to urban centers
• Allowed for scientific farming and
experimentation
Enclosure Movement
• Began in England in 1750
• Began with textiles
• Using machines and factories to make cheap
manufactured goods
Industrial Revolution
• 1823 by US President
• US in charge of Western Hemisphere
• Any attempt of European countries to reclaim
Americas= personal attack on USA
Monroe Doctrine
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Born on Iberian Peninsula
Had highest positions in New World
Ex: Viceroys
Resented by Creoles
Peninsulaires
• Part of Castas
• Mixed European and African descent
• Born in the Americas
Mulattos
• Part of Castas
• Mixed European and Indian ancestry
• Born in the Americas
Mestizos
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Part of castas system
European descent, born in the Americas
Inspired by Enlightenment
Led Revolutions in Latin America
Creoles
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Spanish plantations
Replaced the encomiendas
Utilized slave labor
In Latin America
Hacienda
• Liberal movements against conservative
governments in Hungary, Czech Republic
• Violently put down
• “Song of Angry Men”
Revolutions of 1848
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1815
Series of meetings held in Austria
Led by Klemens von Metternich
Restructure Europe following Napoleon
Congress of Vienna
• Goal of Klemens von Metternich
• Each European country was equal
• Overturned with the Unification of Germany
in 1870
Balance of Power
• System of Laws
• Organized Roman Law in France
Napoleonic Code
• French general
• Took control of France with a coup d’etat in
1799
• Extended French territory through Europe
• Defeated at Waterloo 1815
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Grant of land and indigenous laborers from
King of Spain
• Extremely harsh
• De las Casas helped to end them
• Replaced by African slavery
Encomienda
• “The Liberator”
• Creole who led independence movements in
Latin America against Spain
• Presided over Gran Columbia
Simon Bolivar
• Former slave
• Led independence of Haiti (St. Domingue)
• Died in a French prison
Toussaint L’Ouverture
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Novel written by Cervantes
Delusional old man who fought windmills
Man of La Mancha
“To dream the impossible dream…”
Don Quixote
• Composer of Classical Music
• Eccentric
• Music for fun and entertainment
Mozart
• Composer of Baroque Music
• Felt music glorified God
• Songs for the pipe organ
Bach
• King of France during the French Revolution
• Married to Marie Antoinette
• Executed by guillotine
Louis XVI
• Took control of France as head of the
Committee of Public Safety
• Outlawed Christianity
• Calendar changed to 3 10 weeks (so people
would forget when Sundays were)
Maximilien Robespierre
• Time of fear and mass executions in France
• Under Robespierre
• 40,000 French citizens killed
Reign of Terror
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French execution device
“Great Equalizer”
“National Razor”
Reign of Terror
Guillotine
• July 14th, 1789
• Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution
• Parisians obtaining gunpowder
Storming of the Bastille
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1776
Penned by Thomas Jefferson
Inspired by the Enlightenment
“men are endowed by their creator, with
certain inalienable rights, amongst these are
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
Declaration of Independence
• Accept peoples different beliefs
Religious Tolerance
• Title of Rousseau’s Book
• Agreement between government and the
people
Social Contract
• Montesquieu’s idea
• Power was a check to power
• United States= 3 branches of government
Separation of Powers
• Natural Rights of John Locke
• Inspired Thomas Jefferson
Life, Liberty, Property
• Sea Monster
• Title of Thomas Hobbe’s book
• Government needs to be strong, like a sea
monster
Leviathan
• Applied reason to society and politics
• Inspired revolutions
Enlightenment
• Agreed to by William and Mary in 1689
• Extended protection to Englishmen
English Bill of Rights
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1st Constitutional Monarchs of England
Took over after James II
Bill of Rights
Virginia College
William and Mary
• Transition of power between James II and
William and Mary
• Also known as “bloodless”
Glorious Revolution
• When Charles II took over as King of England
• “king that brought back partying”
Restoration
• Puritan
• Leader of England
• Outlawed singing, dancing, theatre as “sinful”
Oliver Cromwell
• Main goal of Peter the Great
• Make Russia more like Europe
Westernization
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The “Sun King” of France
“L’etat, c’est moi”… “I am the state”
Built Versailles as a symbol of his royal power
Absolute Monarch
Louis XIV