Transcript Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals - Anderson School District 5

The Ottoman Empire
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRMqZrjGNd8
The Ottomans: 1299 - 1922
 Does anyone know the story behind how the
croissant pastry got its shape?
The Ottomans: 1299 - 1922
 During the Ottoman siege of
Vienna in 1638, Viennese
bakers discovered Turkish
soldiers trying to tunnel
beneath the walls. They
alerted the defenders of the
city, and the attempt was
foiled. The siege soon ended.
 To celebrate their victory over
the Turks, these bakers
created pastries in the shape
of the Turkish crescent, their
national symbol!
The Ottomans: 1299 - 1922
 Ottoman Empire founded by Osman I, who
ruled from 1280 to 1324.
 Osman I was a Ghazi (warrior for Islam).
 Ghazi: Islamic warriors who would conquer
lands for plunder, glory, and to spread Islam
 Ghazis took control of old Seljuk territories,
and expanded into Christian-held lands
The Ottomans
Osman I
and his
Ghazi
Warriors
 The Ottomans’ military success was largely based on
the use of gunpowder

Later used cannons as offensive weapons
 The Ottomans acted kindly toward the people they
conquered



They ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan
Muslims: serve in Turkish army, but did not have to pay a
personal tax to the state
Non-Muslims: did not have to serve in the army, but had to
pay the tax
Expansion
 Under their leader, Mehmet II,
the Ottomans besiege and
capture Constantinople.

Constantinople: Bosporus Strait
 Constantinople is renamed
Istanbul, and becomes the new
capital of the Ottoman Empire.
 This is a serious blow, as well as
a threat, to Christian Europe.
 Ottomans were the first to use
large numbers of muskets and
cannons, which gave them
military and technological
superiority
Siege of Constantinople
Expansion
 The Ottomans then begin to expand eastward into
Muslim-controlled territory
 Selim the Grim comes to power in 1512 after
murdering his father and brothers
 Selim was an effective Sultan and General
 Defeated the Safavids
Sultan: title of Ottoman rulers
Expansion
 Selim captures Arabia, Palestine, Persia, Syria, and
sections of Egypt.
 Captures the holy cities of Mecca and Medina
 Ottomans now control much of the territory of the
original Umayyad and Abbassid Caliphates
 Turkish Sultans would later take the title of caliph,
giving them religious authority
Ottoman Expansion
Suleyman the Magnificent
 Ottoman Empire
reaches its height
under Selim’s son,
Suleiman.
 Suleiman rules for 46
years, from 1520 to
1566
Suleyman the Magnificent
 His was sometimes called Suleiman the
Lawgiver or Suleiman the Magnificent.
 Suleiman was also a great general. His
armies conquered much of southern Europe
(The Balkans) and North Africa
 Expansion is finally stopped when he lays
siege to Vienna, Austria but fails to capture
it.
Siege of Vienna: 1525
Achievements of Suleiman
 Suleiman earns title of Lawgiver because he
simplified the laws of the empire.
 Law code to handle criminal and civil actions
 Simplified the system of taxation and reduced
government bureaucracy
 Promoted science and architecture
 His chief architect constructed many beautiful
schools, libraries, mosques, and bridges
 Ottoman Empire under Suleiman had an
efficient civil service
Suleiman Mosque
Mostar Bridge
Civil Service and Social Structure
Devshirme
 Practice of taking Christian boys between
10-20 years of age, forcibly converting them
to Islam, and training them for positions in
either:
a) military – “Men of the Sword”
b) civil service – “Men of the Pen”
Civil Service and Social Structure
Janissaries
 Christian slaves captured during warfare
who were trained as elite infantry in the
Ottoman military
Vizier
 High-ranking advisor to the Sultan. Often
came from the devshirme system
Civil Service and Social Structure
Millets
 Provinces of the empire were allowed their
own local government.
 Non-Muslim communities were loyal to
sultan but were ruled by own religious
leaders
 Included Jews, Armenians, Christians
Strengths of Ottoman Empire
Strengths of Ottoman Empire
1. Control of Trade
2. Wealth – control of trade + taxation of
provinces = great wealth
3. Military superiority – muskets, cannon,
elite infantry and cavalry (Janissaries)
4. Political stability through millet system
Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry
 Chief rival of the Ottoman Empire was the
Safavid Empire, located in present-day Iran
 Safavids were Shi’ite Muslims
 Fought with the Ottomans for religious
reasons, as well as control over
Mesopotamia
Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry
Decline of Ottomans
 Suleiman killed his oldest son Mustafa, who
would have been an able successor
 His vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, was also
assasinated by Suleiman’s wife
 His last son, Selim II, lost battles to
Europeans
 Selim allows bureaucracy to become corrupt
Decline of Ottomans
 During the reign of Selim, the empire begins
a slow, steady decline:
1. Europeans are able to sail around Africa,
bypassing old trade routes
2. Wealth from New World (gold and silver)
makes European powers rich
3. Industrial Revolution never takes place for
the Ottomans
18.2 – Cultural Blending: The
Safavid Empire
Bellwork- 9/15/16 Write Questions
• What do you think cultural blending is?
• What trait of a society do you think can
prevent cultural blending?
• What are some current examples of cultural
blending?
Patterns
• Cultural interaction =
exposure to ideas,
food, technology
• Crossroads, trade
routes, ports, &
borders = beginning
of mixture
• Beneficial to be open
and willing to adapt
• Cultural blending =
new patterns of
behavior
• Cultural change brought
about by:
–
–
–
–
Migration
Trade
Conquest
Religious freedom or
conversion
• Ex: Ottomans
– Surrounded = motivation
to take territory
– Location on trade route
= riches & contact with
many
– Interest in learning =
new ideas about art,
literature, etc.
Causes
Results
• Blending can lead to changes in
all aspects
• Language – characters from one
to another
– Chinese to Japanese
• Religion – Different traditions
w/in same religion
– Reformation
• Government – same
government, different
interpretations
– Democracy: Athens v. U.S.
• Ethnic Mixture – cultures mix
together
– Mestizos or Creoles in the
Americas
• Arts & Architecture – peoples
adapt styles of others
– Chinese artistic elements in
European paintings
• Fueled by need for territory
& alignment to Shi’a Islam
• Squeezed by Ottomans &
Mughals = need for
powerful army
• 1499-1501: Isma’il seizes
Iran
– Takes the title of shah &
makes Shi’a the state religion
• Religious tyrant: Kills all
who don’t convert
– Actions lead to modern
border between Iraq & Iran
• Tahmasp (son) expands
empire to Caucasus &
Turkey
– Brings Christians into the
empire
Safavids
Golden Age
• 1587: Shah Abbas takes
the throne
• Issues reforms
– Limited the army’s power
by establishing an army of
Persians & Christians =
loyal to him
– Punishes corruption &
promotes by skill & loyalty
– Hires foreigners to
government positions
• Encouraged trade with
Christian Europe
• Built a new capital at
Esfahan = modern center
for learning
• Shah Abbas focused on
the arts
– Brought Chinese artisans
to Esfahan
– Produce vast amounts of
metalwork, paintings,
pottery, etc.
• Collaboration = blend of
Chinese & Persian ideas
• Interactions w/ the West
= demand for Persian
carpets
– Becomes a national
industry
– Huge source of wealth
– Artists sent to Italy to
adapt to European
demands
The Arts
Quick Decline
• Makes same mistake as
Suleyman I w/ his
successor
• Kills or blinded ablest
sons
• Safi takes Safavids down
the same path, but
quicker
• 1736: Nadir Shah Afshar
expands empire to India
• 1747: dies =
disintegration of the
empire
Complete your map
Notes Stop Here For Quiz
Monday, Sept 19
History 381: Asian Experience
The Mughal Empire
Islam to 1500
The Mughal Empire
•The founders of the
Moghuls were Chaghatay
Turks descended from Timur
(Timurlane).
•Originating beyond the
Hindu Kush, they were
driven out of central Asia in
1504 by the Uzbek Turks.
•Babur (1483-1530), the
founder of the Moghul
dynasty, seized Kabul and in
1526 defeated the Afghan
king of Delhi.
The Mughal Empire
•Babur's son, Humayun (15301540, 1555-1556), was unable to
hold his legacy and was driven
into exile to Persia.
•With the help of the Safavid
Shah, Tahmasp (1524-1576),
Humayun recaptured Delhi in
1555
The Mughal Empire

One of the greatest rulers in
Indian history was Akbar
(1556-1605), third Mughal
emperor, generally considered
the true founder of the
Mughal Empire.

He followed an aggressive
expansionist policy, and by the
time of his death, the Mughals
controlled the land from the
Himalaya Mountains to the
Godavari River in central
India and from Kashmir to the
mouths of the Brahmapatra
and Ganges Rivers.
The Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire
Along with Delhi and
Agra, newly constructed
(1571-1586) Fatchpur
Sikri, 26 miles from
Agra, also served as an
imperial capital.
 Akbar's son Jahangir
(1605-1627) did not
possess his father's
abilities but did succeed
in consolidating Moghul
rule in Bengal.

The Mughal Empire

Expansion continued
under Shah Jahan (16271657), Jahangir's son,
who waged campaigns on
the northwestern
frontier of the Hindu
Kush and in the Deccan
plateau.

Shah Jahan founded a
new capital at Delhi in
1648 to supersede Agra.
The Mughal Empire
When Shah Jahan's
wife, Mumtaz Mahal,
died delivering her
thirteenth child, he
ordered construction of
the Taj Mahal at Agra
as an enduring
monument.
The Mughal Empire
The Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal
Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658) had a strong interest in architecture.
His most enduring monument is the Taj Mahal, the supreme
example of a garden tomb. Twenty thousand workers toiled
eighteen years to build this memorial in Agra to Shah Jahan's
favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died at age of 39 giving birth to
their thirteenth child.

With no formal procedure for succession,
Shah Jahan's two sons struggled for
power.

The victor was Aurangzeb (1659-1707)
who executed his brother and had
himself crowned emperor in 1658.

His father was imprisoned. Aurangzeb
expanded the Moghul Empire south to
Mysore and Marathas in the western
Daccan.

Heavy-handed policies led to rebellion of
the Hindu Marathas who were defeated
but nonetheless continued to fight.

After Aurangzeb's death they created a
confederation of almost all the Deccan
states under their leadership.
Western Powers in India

The two major powers contending for control
of weakened India were France and Britain.
The French arrived in India in the 1670s and
established several trading factories.

They captured Fort St. George at Madras in
1746, and by 1751 the French had gained
control of the Deccan and Carnatic regions.
British Expansion in India

In the meantime, British controled Bengal by buying
off the officers of the French-supported governor and
then defeated the governor at Plassey, north of
Calcutta, in 1757. The British gained more in the
south and prevented the arrival of French
reinforcements.

The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ending the Seven Years'
War in Europe recognized British control of much of
India.
The British East India Company
• The British East India Company traded silver,
copper, zinc, and fabrics to the Indians in
return for cotton goods, silks, sugar and opium
(to be used in the trade with China).
• European factories at Madras and Calcutta
where Indian cotton goods were shipped to the
East Indies and bartered for spices which
were then sent back to England.