Transcript Chapter 7:

Chapter 7:
The Fight for a Continent
Lesson 1: The Spanish
Move North
New Spain
• In 1535, Spain had established a vast
colony of New Spain.
• It stretched south from South America to
Mexico with its capital being Mexico City.
Juan Ponce de Leon
• In the middle 1500s,
Spanish leaders decided
to expand their colony
into Florida.
• The Spanish explorer
Juan Ponce de Leon had
explored this area in the
early 1500s and Spanish
leaders hoped a colony in
this area would prevent
the French and English
from gaining a foothold
in this part of North
America.
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
• In 1565, Pedro Menendez de
Aviles led a small fleet of Spanish
warships to Florida.
• Menendez knew the French had
already started building a
settlement in Florida.
• His mission was to find the
French, defeat them, and take
control of Florida for Spain.
• In a series of bloody battles,
Menendez and his soldiers
defeated the French.
• Florida became a part of New
Spain.
St. Augustine
• The Spanish
founded St.
Augustine on the
east coast of
Florida.
• This was the first
permanent
settlement in what
is now the United
States.
Don Juan de Oñate
• The Spanish
began expanding
into Southwest
region of the
United States.
• In 1598, Don
Juan de Oñate
led a small army
north across the
Rio Grande .
New Mexico
• The Spanish called this region New Mexico.
• The Pueblo, Apache, and Navajo people had
been living on this land for centuries.
• Now the Spanish were claiming it.
Spanish Search for Gold and Silver
• The Spanish hoped to find gold and silver in
New Mexico.
• They soon found out, however, that this land
was not rich in these minerals.
Hot and Dry
• They soon learned that this region was too hot
and dry for many kinds of farming.
• The open grasslands were good, however, for
sheep and cattle ranching.
Hacienda
• Some wealthy ranchers built haciendas (large
estate).
• Haciendas were often self sufficient
communities with vegetable gardens,
workshops and mills.
• Workers, many of them Native Americans,
lived on the haciendas.
Presidio
• Spanish religious leaders began to build
missions in New Mexico to try to convert
Native Americans to Christianity.
• To protect the missions, many of them built
presidios (military forts).
El Camino Real
• To connect Mexico to Mexico City, the Spanish
built a road called El Camino Real, “the royal
road.”
• It was used to carry goods between Mexico City
and Santa Fe.
Popé
• In 1680, a Pueblo
leader named Popé led
a revolt against the
Spanish in New Mexico.
• For many reason, the
Pueblo people were
ready to join in this
fight.
The Spanish and the Pueblo
• The Spanish were enslaving Pueblo people, sending some to
Mexico and forcing others to work on ranches and missions
in New Mexico.
• Spanish settlers were taking over Pueblo lands and villages.
• Spanish leaders were trying to force the Pueblo to give up
their traditional ways of living and worshipping.
Pueblo Revolt
• The Pueblo attacked settlements all over New
Mexico, killings hundreds of Spanish settlers.
• Joined by the Apache and Navajo fighters,
Popé and his men surrounded Santa Fe.
Red or White?
• A Pueblo leader named Juan rode into the city carrying
two crosses, one white and one red.
• The Spanish governor asked Juan to explain the
meaning of the two crosses.
• Juan declared: “If you choose the white, there will be
no war, but you must leave the country. If you choose
red, you all must die, for we are many and you are
few.”
Spanish Recapture
• By the early 1690s, Popé
New Mexico
had died.
• The Pueblos and other
people of the region
were not as united as
they had been.
• The Spanish had
recaptured the New
Mexico from the Pueblo
in 1692.
Moving Back
• Spanish settlers and missionaries had moved
back into New Mexico.
• They also moved into land that is now Texas
and Arizona.
San Antonio, Texas
• The town of San Antonio, Texas was founded
in 1718.
• Spanish settlers hoped that these new towns
and missions would help Spain keep control of
the Southwest.
Worries Over?
• They did not want to be driven out again by
Native American forces.
• They were also concerned that the French
might try to take over this region.
Father Junipero Serra
• New Spain continued
to expand throughout
the 1700s.
• Father Junipero Serra
founded the first
Spanish missions in
another part of New
Spain—California.
Lesson 2: The French
Explore the Mississippi
New France in 1534
• The French established New France in 1534.
• The major settlements of New France were
Quebec and Montreal in present day Canada.
• The French moved west slowly building
trading posts and missions along the St.
Lawrence River and Great Lakes.
• Trading posts were places where the French
and Native Americans met to trade goods.
“Big Water”
• Native Americans also told the French about a
big river to the west.
• Algonquian-speaking Indians called this river
the Mississippi, which means “big water.”
French and Native Americans
• French traders and missionaries learned important
skills from the Native Americans of this region.
• They learned how to build canoes from birch bark and
how to make snowshoes for walking in deep snow.
Control of the River
• The leaders of New France were eager to explore
the Mississippi River.
• Control of this river would help them reach new
lands where they could build trading posts.
Northwest Passage?!
• The French were still hoping to find a river
that flowed west to the Pacific Ocean—the
Northwest Passage.
• Could the Mississippi River be this river?
Jacques Marquette
• In the summer of
1673, the French
missionary
Jacques
Marquette set
out to explore
the Mississippi.
Louis Joliet
• He was accompanied by a fur trader named
Louis Joliet and five other French adventurers.
Marquette’s Maps
• As they
traveled,
Marquette
drew maps of
the Mississippi.
• He also spoke with many Native Americans who
lived along the river.
• In his journal, Marquette wrote about entering
one Native American village and introducing
himself: “They replied that they were Illinois, and,
as a token of peace, they offered us their pipes to
smoke.”
• After sharing a meal with the Illinois, the
explorers resumed their journey.
• Since the river continued to flow south,
however, Marquette realized this was not the
Northwest Passage.
Giving Up?
• The explorers had paddled almost 1,000 miles
south on the Mississippi.
• Now they had to turn around and head back
north.
Robert La Salle
• Nine years later, a
French explorer
named Robert La
Salle continued the
French exploration of
the Mississippi River.
• La Salle’s goal was to
travel all the way to
the mouth of the
Mississippi River.
The Journey Begins
• He set out from the St. Lawrence River in 1681.
• To reach the Mississippi, La Salle and his French and
Native American companions put their canoes on sleds
and dragged them over snow and frozen streams.
• They began rowing down the Mississippi River in
February 1682.
• La Salle reached the mouth of the Mississippi
at the Gulf of Mexico in April.
• While the French fired muskets in the air and
shouted “Long live the king!” La Salle claimed
the entire Mississippi River valley for France.
• He also claimed all the river’s tributaries
(streams or rivers that flow into a larger river).
• La Salle claimed this territory Louisiana, for King
Louis XIV of France.
• Louisiana became part of New France.
• New France was now a vast empire.
• During the late 1600s and
early 1700s, the French
built trading posts, forts,
and missions in New
France.
• Many French settlements
such as Detroit and New
Orleans grew into major
American cities.
• New Orleans, founded in
1718, was Louisiana’s
territorial and later state
capital from 1722 to
1849.
• With an ideal location at
the mouth of the
Mississippi, New Orleans
became a busy trading
center.
• Today, nearly 300 years
later, New Orleans is one of
the busiest ports in the
United States.
Lesson 3: The French and
Indian War
George Washington
• George
Washington
was a young
military leader
from Virginia.
• Washington and his soldiers built Fort
Necessity on a meadow in what is now
southwestern Pennsylvania.
• What was Washington doing here in 1754?
• Why was he fighting the French?
• This story begins many years earlier.
• We learned earlier, the first English colonists built
settlements along the Atlantic coast.
• Throughout the 1600s, the population of the colonies grew
quickly.
• Settlers wanted more land to build towns and farms, and
they began to move west.
• Native Americans, who had been living on this land for
thousands of years, resisted English settlement.
Metacom
• In New England, the
conflict led to war
in 1675.
• A Wampanoag
leader named
Metacom, son of
chief Massasoit, led
several Native
Americans into
battle against
English settlers.
King Phillip’s War
• Metacom’s goal was to force the English out of
New England.
• The English called Metacom King Phillip, and
this war became known as King Phillip’s War.
The Final Result
• After a year of fighting, Metacom was killed.
• The English settlers won King Phillip’s War.
• They now controlled most of New England.
Get Me Out of Town!
• During the 1700s, settlers continued moving
west.
• As colonial cities, towns, and plantations grew,
land along the Atlantic coast became more and
more expensive.
Backcountry
• In search of land of their own, some families
began moving to an area called the backcountry.
• This was a rugged stretch of land near the
Appalachian Mountains.
• Families build log cabins, hunted, and carved
small towns from the rocky soil.
Moving Into the Ohio River Valley
• By the middle 170s, settlers were moving even
farther west.
• They crossed the Appalachian Mountains and
entered the Ohio River Valley—a region of fertile
land and thick forests along the Ohio River.
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Who Owns What?
However, other groups also claimed these lands.
Powerful Native American tribes lived there.
The French claimed it as part of New France.
Who would control this region?
As George Washington discovered in May of 1754, this
question would be answered by war.
Remember La Salle?
• France’s claim on the Ohio River
Valley was based on the
exploration of Robert La Salle.
• Do you remember what La Salle
did when he reached the mouth
of the Mississippi River?
• He claimed the river and all its
tributaries for France.
• Therefore the French claimed
the Ohio River Valley as part of
New France.
• The French began building forts
to defend this region.
Special Delivery
• England, now known as
Great Britain, also claimed
the Ohio River Valley.
• In 1753, British leaders
wrote a stern letter to the
French, stating that the
land along the Ohio River
was “known to be the
property of Great Britain.”
• The British demanded the
French leave the area
immediately.
• George Washington was
sent to deliver the letter.
The Answer?
• Four months later, Washington returned with
the French’s response.
• The French refused to leave.
The Plan
• In March 1754, Washington marched west again.
• This time he commanded about 150 soldiers.
• His mission was to help build a British fort at this
strategic spot where the Allegheny and
Monongahela rivers join to form the Ohio River.
What now?
• He soon learned that the French were already
there building Fort Duquesne.
• Washington decided to try to capture this
French fort.
The French and Indian War
• Washington and his soldiers did not reach Fort
Duquesne.
• In the woods near the French fort, Washington
attacked and defeated a group of French soldiers.
Fort Necessity
• After the battle, Washington and his men
returned to Fort Necessity—a small log fort
they had begun building a few days earlier.
• .
• The French attacked on a rainy day in early
July 1754. After many of his men were killed
or wounded, Washington was forced to
surrender.
• Soaked and exhausted, the soldiers returned
to Virginia
• These small battles were the start of a long war
between Britain and France.
• In the 13 Colonies, the war was called the French
and Indian War because British forces fought
against the French and their American Indian
Allies.
• The British tried to
gain Native
American allies of
their own.
• At a meeting in
Albany, New York in
1754, leaders of the
British colonies
asked the powerful
Iroquois League to
join the fight against
the French.
Hendrick
• Iroquois leaders
resisted, however.
• An Iroquois leader
named Hendrick said
that the French and the
British were “quarreling
about lands which
belong to us, and their
quarrel may end in our
destruction.”
General Edward Braddock
• In 1755, the British
made another
attempt to capture
Fort Duquesne.
• Led by General
Edward Braddock,
2,100 shopped their
way through the
Pennsylvania forests .
• George Washington was with this army.
• On July 9, just eight miles from Fort
Duquesne, the British were attacked by French
and Indian forces.
• Washington later wrote that many British soldiers
panicked and “ran as sheep before the hounds.”
• General Braddock was killed, and the British were
defeated.
• Washington wrote to his family that: “…I had
bullets through my coat and two horses shot
under me, and yet escaped unhurt.”
Who Will Win?
• This was a first in a series of French victories
over the British.
• It looked like Britain would lose the war.
• Then, in 1758, things began to change.
• In London, British leaders were worried about the way
the war was going.
• They decided to send more soldiers to fight in North
America.
• In 1758, British forces began winning battles against
the French.
Iroquois Arrive!
• The British were also helped by the Iroquois who
agreed to join the British side in 1759.
• Iroquois leaders hope that victory in battle would
help the Iroquois increase their power and
maintain control of their lands.
And the Winner Is…
• The key battle of the war was fought at Quebec,
the capital of New France.
• Led by British General James Wolfe, British forces
captured Quebec in September 1759.
• This victory helped the British win the French and
Indian War.
Official End to
War
• The war officially
ended when Britain
and France signed the
Treaty of Paris in
1763.
• As a result, Britain
took over most of
New France.
• Spain gained lands
west of the
Mississippi.
Effects of War on Native Americans
• The French and Indian War also had a major impact on
the Native Americans of North America.
• The traditional lands of many Native American people
were now part of the British empire.
• British settlers were eager to move onto this land.
Pontiac
• Many Native
Americans resisted
the new British
settlers.
• In 1763, an Ottawa
leader named
Pontiac called on
his warriors to
revolt against the
British.
• Britain, he declared,
“seeks only to
destroy us.”
Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Native Americans from many tribes attacked
British forts and settlements in the Ohio River
valley and along the Great Lakes.
• This fighting was known as Pontiac’s Rebellion.
• Pontiac won several victories before the
British put down the rebellion.
King George III
• British leaders were
alarmed by Pontiac’s
Rebellion.
• They did not want to
continue fighting with
Native Americans on
lands won from France.
• Britain’s King George III
issued a Proclamation of
1763.
Proclamation
of 1763
• Britain’s King George III
issued a Proclamation of
1763.
• This proclamation, or
official announcement,
said that colonists were no
longer allowed to settle on
land west of the
Appalachian Mountains.
• The king The king hoped this would prevent
future Native American rebellions.
• The proclamation was not popular among
many colonists who wanted new lands to
settle.
• Tensions between the colonists and the
British government began to grow.