Transcript Chapter 10 p. 356 America Claims and Empire

Chapter 10 p. 356
America Claims and Empire
Essential Question: Which individuals and events moved the US into the
role of a world power?
Science and Technology: technological advances fueled US imperialism
at the turn of the 20th c. Improved equipment increased farm and
factory output. Increased output led to a surplus of goods and
prompted the need of overseas markets.
America in World Affairs: The late 1800s are often referred to as the
“Age of Imperialism.” during this time, several European nations took
control of much of Africa and parts of Asia and the Pacific. The US
joined in the pursuit of colonies.
Civil Rights: As the US acquired new territory, questions were raised
about the civil rights of the people in these newly acquired lands.
Section 1 p. 358
Imperialism and America
• Main Idea: Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century,
global competition caused the US to expand.
• Why it matters today: During this time period, the US acquired
Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in 1959.
• OBJ: Explain the economic and cultural factors that fueled the growth
of American imperialism.
1. Queen Liliuokalani: Queen of Hawaii in 1893 when the US took
over Hawaii. She realized her reign had come to an end and in an
eloquent statement of protest, the proud monarch surrendered to
the superior US force. Hawaii’s annexation was only one of the
goals of America’s empire builders in the late 19th c. Haoles – white
foreigners in Hawaii. At this time, they planned to overthrow the
Hawaiian monarchy.
By the 1880s, many American leaders had become convinced that the
US should join the imperialist powers of Europe and establish colonies
overseas.
2. Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their
economic, political, or military control over weaker territories – was
already a trend around the world.
• Global competition: European nations had been establishing colonies
for centuries. In the late 19th c AFRICA had emerged as a prime target
of European expansionism. By the early 20thc. Only 2 countries –
Ethiopia and Liberia – remained independent.
• How did European imperialism affect Africa? Only 2 African nations
remained independent; the rest of the continent was divided up
among European nations.
• Imperialists also competed for territory in Asia, especially in China. In
the late 19c, Japan moves towards a strong central government and
joins European nations in competition for China in the late 19thc.
• With Manifest Destiny accomplished in the US, they warmed to the
idea of expansion overseas.
• Three factors fueled the new American Imperialism:
- desire for military strength – the US builds new modern steelhulled (cruisers) navy that transforms the country into the world’s 3rd
largest navy.
- thirst for new markets – Advances in technology in the late 19c
enabled American farms and factories to produce more than its citizens
could consume. Now the US needed raw materials for factories and
new markets for its agricultural and manufactured goods. Imperialists
viewed foreign trade as the solution to overproduction, unemployment
and economic depression.
- belief in cultural superiority- the US was responsible to spread
Christianity and “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples.” A one
culture view.
• The US and Alaska: Secretary of State under Lincoln, William Seward
purchased Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. His purchase
was labeled as silly and called “Seward’s Folly.” when Alaska becomes
a state in 1959, the US realizes that the land they paid about 2 cents
an acre is rich in timber, minerals (gold, etc.) and oil.
• The US Takes Hawaii: in the mid 19th c. American-owned sugar
plantations accounted for about ¾ of the islands’ wealth. Laborers
were imported by the thousands from Japan, Portugal, and China. By
1900 foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered native
Hawaiians about 3 to 1. Hawaii’s “duty free” sugar production
increases 9 fold. In 1890 the McKinley Tariff eliminated their “duty
free” status and they faced competition in American markets.
American planters in Hawaii called for the US to annex the islands so
they would not have to pay the duty.
• The US military and economic leaders understood the value of the islands
and in 1887 Hawaii was pressured to allow the US to build a naval base at
Pearl Harbor – the kingdom’s best port. IT would be a refueling station for
American ships in the Pacific.
• Annex: to incorporate territory into an existing country or state.
• Hawaii’s King Kalakaua was forced by white business leaders to amend
Hawaii’s constitution limiting voting rights only to wealthy land owners –
he dies in 1891, his sister becomes queen proposing to remove propertyowning qualifications for voting. Business groups – with the US
ambassador’s blessing- organized a revolution with marines and overthrew
the queen. President Cleveland directed that the queen be restored.
Cleveland formally recognized the Republic of Hawaii and refused to annex
it unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it.
• 1898 Pres. McKinley annexes Hawaii and it becomes an American territory
– Hawaiians never voted. He stated that annexing Hawaii was necessary
(Manifest Destiny) because the US needed naval bases to protect tis world
trade. It’s annexed and in 1959, it becomes a US state.
Section 2 p. 362
The Spanish-American War
• Main Idea: in 1898, the US went to war to help Cuba win its
independence from Spain.
• Why it matters now: US involvement in Latin Amer. and Asia
increased greatly as a result of the war and continues today.
• Obj: Why did some Americans support Spanish control of Cuba, and
others sympathized with the rebels?
http://my.hrw.com/SocialStudies/ss_2015/student/hs_american_recon
/bookpages/library/videos/video.html?shortvid=722242237001&longvi
d=722242237001_long&title=TR and the Spanish American War
• In 1896 a newspaperman – James Creelman of the New York Worldwrote about Spanish atrocities he observed in Cuba. His report was
false and was written to sell newspapers and arouse American
sympathy for Cubans in their quest for independence from Spain.
• Cuba is only 90 miles from south Florida. America’s interest in Cuba –
they invested millions in large sugar can plantations.
3. Jose Marti: a Cuban poet and journalist who was exiled to New York
and launched a revolution in 1895 to free Cuba from Spain. He resisted
by using guerilla tactics, deliberately destroying property, especially
American sugar plantations and mills. He provoked US intervention to
help the rebels achieve CUBA LIBRE! (free Cuba).
• US public opinion on Cuba was split: Business and government:
wanted to protect investments. Others: enthusiastic about the rebel
cause. “Give me liberty or give me death.”
4. Yellow journalism: a sensational style of writing, which exaggerates
the news to lure and enrage readers. It held little truths, sold
newspapers, and brought about US involvement and started the
Spanish-American War.
• Hearst – used yellow journalism to fan war fever. When war seemed
unlikely, he told his reporter to send untrue pictures and he would
furnish the war.
• What events increased the tension between the US and Spain? The
publication of the de Lome letter, which criticized President McKinley,
and the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, which many Americans blamed
on Spain. The US sent it to Cuba to bring Americans in danger home
and to protect Amer. property. More than 260 were killed. The war
cry: “Remember the Maine!” In 1976 navy researchers examined the
Maine hull. Conclusion: The massive internal explosion was most
likely caused by a spontaneous fire in a coal bunker that ignited a
nearby supply of weapons.
• War Begins: even though Spain agreed to almost everything the US
demanded, public opinion favored war. Congress debates and
declared war on Apr. 20 1898. This immediately affected the
American fleet in the Pacific which steamed to the Philippine islands.
• Dewey opened fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila – it’s destroyed
within hours. US troops land. Filipinos supported the US. In August
the Spanish in Manila surrender.
• Rough Riders: US voluntary cavalry commanded by Leonard Wood
and Theodore Roosevelt, that was trained as cavalry but fought on
foot because their horses didn’t reach Cuba in Time – They and 2
Afr/Am units charged up San Juan Hill in a battle in Cuba. They
cleared the way for the infantry. Victory! The US then sets its sites on
Puerto Rico.
• Dec. 10, 1898 US/Spain sign the Treaty of Paris: Spain freed Cuba,
turned over Guam and Puerto Rico to the US; Spain sold the
Philippines to the US for $20 million.
• Other views over the results of the treaty: Some felt that the treaty
violated the Declaration of Independence by denying self-government
to newly acquired territories. Booker T. Washington: the US should
settle race-related issues at home before taking on social problems
elsewhere Labor leader – Samuel Gompers – feared that Filipino
immigrants would compete for American jobs.
Section 3 p. 368
Acquiring New Lands
• Main Idea: In the early 1900s the US engaged in conflicts in Puerto
Rice, Cuba, and the Philippines.
• Why it matters today: Today, the US maintains a strong military and
political presence in strategic worldwide locations.
OBJ: Explain US imperialist involvement around the world and the
purpose of the Open Door Policy in China.
6. protectorate: a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a
stronger power.
• Ratify: to make valid by approving
7. Open Door notes: US Sec. of State John Hay issued in 1899 a series
of policy statements called the Open Door notes. The notes were
letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing
that the nations share their trading rights with the US, thus creating
an open door. This meant that no single nation would have a
monopoly on trade with any part of China. Imperialist powers
reluctantly accepted this policy.
• It was to protect US access to Chinese markets and to help maintain
the independence of China.
8. Dollar Diplomacy: The US policy of using the nation’s
economic power to exert influence over other countries.
9. George Dewey: commander of American forces during the
Spanish-American War that gave the command to open fire
on the Spanish fleet at Manila, Philippines. Within hours,
his men destroyed every Spanish ship there. Dewey’s
victory allowed US troops to land in the Philippines. He
had Filipino support.
10.San Juan Hill- Cuba – This is the hill that the Rough Riders
and the 9th and 10th cavalry captured during the SpanishAmerican War. It was strategically important and cleared
the way for an infantry attack.
9. Boxer Rebellion: a 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese
secret society sought to free their country from Western influence.
The Boxers opposed Christianity, the Chinese power structure, and
foreigners. Most of its members were young peasant men, and
those who joined the group had to follow strict lifestyle guidelines.
As China kept its freedom (Open Door notes), Europe and
dominated most of china’s large cities. Resentment simmers. This
secret society pledged to rid the country of “foreign devils.” They
were called the “Boxers” because of their practice of martial arts.
They killed hundreds of missionaries as well as Chinese converts.
Within 2 months international forces put down the rebellion.
Thousands of Chinese people died during the fighting.
12. Panama Canal: “the big ditch” a water route dug across the
isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
This shortcut would reduce the travel time of commercial and military
ships. The US paid a French company for the canal building route
through Panama. The US began work in 1904. It is considered one of
the world’s greatest engineering feats. It was a series of locks that
raised and lowered ships of mountains to the oceans. Total cost: $380
million. Many workers fell ill with yellow fever. Dr. William
Gorgas(from Mobile) discovered that yellow fever and malaria were
spread by mosquitoes. With extensive spraying, the canal project was
able to be completed. The US owned and controlled the Canal Zone
until 1999. It opens for business on August 15, 1914 – ONE HUNDRED
YEARS AGO!
• What problems did canal workers encounter in constructing the
canal? Builders fought diseases and the difficult removal of soft
volcanic soil. They also had to clear brush and drain swamps.
17. Corollary: an additional statement that follows logically from the
first one.
13. Roosevelt Corollary: it was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine of
1823 in which the US would use force to prevent intervention in the
affairs of neighboring countries.
• Many Latin American countries had huge debt from European banks
to build RRs and develop industry – Roosevelt feared that if they
defaulted on their loans, Europeans might intervene – He was
determined to make the US the predominate power in the Caribbean
and Central America. He reminded them that the Monroe Doctrine
demanded that they stay out of Latin American affairs. “Speak softly
and carry a big stick; you will go far.” The corollary said that the US
would now use force to protect its economic interests in Latin
America.
• dollar diplomacy: using the US government to guarantee loans made
to foreign countries by American businesspeople. /dollar diplomacy
was often used to justify keeping European powers out of the
Caribbean. It is a US policy of using the nation’s economic power to
exert influence over another country.
14.annex: to incorporate territory into an existing country or state.
15. guerilla: a member of a military force that harasses the enemy.
16. ratify: to make valid by approval.
17. Corollary: an additional statement that follows logically from the
first one.
18. What 3 factors spurred American Imperialism?
• Economic competition
• Political and military competition
• A belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxons
19. How did Queen Liliuokalani’s main goal conflict with American
imperialists’ goals? She wanted to preserve Hawaii for Hawaiians,
while American imperialists wanted to annex the islands.
20. Why was American opinion about Cuban independence divided?
US businessmen sided with Spain because they wanted to protect their
investments. The Americans, however, sympathized with the Cuban
demand for independence – spurred on by yellow journalism and the
explosion that mysteriously sunk the US navy ship The Maine.
21. Why was the US interested in events in Puerto Rico? Puerto Rico
was strategically important to the US as a way to assert its presence in
the Caribbean and as a base for protecting a possible canal through the
Isthmus of Panama.
22. What sparked the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, and how was it
crushed? The Boxers staged a revolt to expel foreigners from China, In
August 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan and the US
marched on the Chinese capital. The international force put an end to
the rebellion.
23. What 3 key beliefs about America’s industrial capitalist economy
were reflected in the Open Door Policy?
• US economy’s dependence on exports to ensure growth;
• US right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open
• Closing an area to American products threatened US survival
24. What conflict triggered the war between Russia and Japan?
a dispute over Korea
25. Why is the construction of the Panama Canal considered one of
the world’s greatest engineering feats? To construct the canal,
workers fought diseases such as yellow fever and malaria. They also
fought soft volcanic soil that was difficult to remove.
26. Explain the key difference between Woodrow Wilson’s moral
diplomacy and Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy.
• Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy demanded that European
countries stay out of the affairs of Latin America.
• Wilson’s “missionary diplomacy” demanded that countries in Latin
America set up democracies.
• Roosevelt: helped mediate the settlement in Russo-Japanese War;
launched construction of Panama Canal; formulated the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. “Big Stick” cast the US in to role of
international police officer and had an economic focus.
• Dollar diplomacy Used US loans to control affairs of other nations.
• Wilson: formulated “missionary diplomacy”; ordered US military
occupation of Veracruz, MX; sent General Pershing and expeditionary
forces to pursue Poncho Villa in Mexico. “missionary diplomacy” cast
the US in the role of judge and had a moral tone.
• Effects of American Imperialism:
• US purchased Alaska in 1867
• US annexed Hawaii in 1989
• In 1898 the US helped Cuba win independence from Spain
• In the Treaty of Paris, the US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
Philippine islands
• Following the Spanish-American War, the US
-reorganized the government of Puerto Rico
-established a protectorate over Cuba
-crushed a revolt in Philippines
• In 1899, the Open Door policy established US trading rights in China
Continued• In the early 1900s, President Roosevelt initiated plans for the Panama
Canal and asserted the right of the US to exercise police power in the
Western Hemisphere
• President Wilson pressured Mexico and other countries in the
Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments.
STUDY!!!