Transcript WWI ALL 2010-2011

Basic #12 Vocabulary
Alliance – an agreement between nations to
come to one another’s defense
Archduke Franz Ferdinand – crown prince of
Austria whose assassination sparked WWI
Balkans – Southeastern Europe
Belgium – neutral nation invaded by Germany to
being World War I
Black Hand – secret society committed to
ending Austrian rule in Slavic lands (Balkans)
Imperialism – to dominate another country
politically, economically, and culturally
Basic #12 Vocabulary Cont…
Kaiser Wilhelm II – leader of Germany who
helped instigate WWI
Militarism – glorification of the military,
which caused the buildup of European
militaries
Nationalism – love of one’s country
Neutrality – policy of not supporting either
side in a war
Powder Keg – an explosive situation
Serbia – nation where Archduke Franz
Ferdinand was assassinated
Basic #12 Vocabulary Cont…
Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s plan to fight a war
with France & Russia. It involved a surprise
attack on France by going thru Belgium.
Slavs – the race of people living in Eastern
Europe (Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia)
Triple Alliance – defensive treaty between
Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary
Triple Entente – France, Russia, and Britain’s
defensive treaty against Germany
Ultimatum – a final set of demands
Basic #12 Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Which cause of WWI describes a country’s obsession with building up its armed
forces in preparation for war?
Which cause of WWI describes the tangled friendships and rivalries between the
European powers?
What happened to Otto von Bismark’s power?
Which nations were part of the Triple Alliance?
Which nations were part of the Triple Entente?
Which cause of WWI describes the competition for overseas colonies, power and
Empires?
Which cause of WWI describes the belief that one’s country is superior to all the
others?
What do we call the Balkans’ role in the start of WWI?
Where are the Balkans?
Who were/are the Slavic people?
Which country was Austria-Hungary’s rival?
Who were the Black Hands?
What was the significance of Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination?
What do we call Germany’s plan for a quick invasion of France?
Which neutral country did Germany run through on their way into France?
“The War to End All Wars” - WWI
European Tensions Ignited
Page #2:
When is it
justified for a
country to go to
war?
The Powder Keg
and the Spark
The lead up
to World
War I
What were the long term
causes of WWI?
• M-Militarism
• A -Alliances
• I -Imperialism
• N -Nationalism
1. Militarism Anglo-German arms race
• Militarism—a belief that war in
Europe was inevitable.
• European nations made
– military service mandatory
– created large pools of reserve forces
• Germany overtook Britain
industrially in the 1890s
• British policy-their fleet larger
than combined fleets of any 2
rival nations
• 1898, Kaiser Wilhelm II began
expansion of German navy
2. Alliances
“We lie in the middle of Europe. We
have at least 3 fronts on which we
can be attacked…let us endeavor to
make otherwise”
Triple Alliance vs.
Triple Entente
-1888 speech by Bismarck
• 1870: Balance of power upset by
Prussian victory in FrancoPrussian War.
• Bismarck feared French revenge
• negotiated treaties to isolate France
2. Alliances
•
•
1881: Alliance of the
Three Emperors—
Germany, Austria, and
Russia in a mutual
defense pact
Triple Alliance
–
1.
2.
3.
1881
Germany
Austria
Italy
Kaiser Wilhelm II removes Bismarck
• Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew Russian treaty
• Germany developed closer ties to Austria
• Russia feels threatened
Who might Russia look to for a friend? Why?
2. Alliances
• France courts Russia and the two
became allies Dual Entente
• "Splendid Isolation": After
1891, Britain was the only
uncommitted power
• Which nation might the British
be worried about? Why?
• Entente Cordial (1904): In the
face of British-German naval
arms race
• Triple Entente, 1907:Britain,
France and Russia; to check
Triple Alliance
What do
you see
here?
Page 3
What nations
had tensions
and for what
reasons?
Page 5: Color and Label the Map
of the two Major alliance groups.
3. Imperialism
• Berlin Conference, 1885: Calms
everyone down but…
• Kruger Telegram (1902):
– triggered British anger at Germany
for congratulating Boers on their
victories over British troops in South
Africa.
• The Moroccan Crises (1906 &
1911)
– Kaiser urges Moroccan
independence despite it being a
French colony
– Britain/Italy supported France
4. Nationalism
• Created a "powder keg" in the
Balkans (mountainous region of South
Eastern Europe)
• Why Now?
– The Ottoman Empire (“the sick man of
Europe”) looses control over the
Balkans
– Pan-Slavism, a nationalist movement to
unite all Slavic peoples, encouraged the
Serbs, Bosnians, Slovenes, and Croats to
seek a single Kingdom
• Russia was the southern Slavs’ “big
brother” and Austria looked to enlarge
its empire in the area
Ottoman
Empire
4. Nationalism
First and Second Balkan Wars
(1908 & 1913)
• Serbia takes land from the
Ottoman Turks and from
Bulgaria
• Serbia wants to create a PanSlavic Nation that could rival
the other Great Powers
• Austria is worried about
Serbian expansion
Summary of Long
Term Causes
• Britain and Germany
Naval Arms Race
• Germany and France
Imperialism in N.
Africa
• Russia, Ottoman
Empire and Austria
want control over the
Balkans
• Two camps:
• Triple Alliance
Germany/Austria/Italy
• Triple Entente
Britain/France/Russia
• Ottoman “Sick Man of
Europe”
Page 4: Illustrate the
Long Terms Causes of
WWI:
M
A
I
N
-Militarism
-Alliances
-Imperialism
-Nationalism
Page #6
Hymn of Hate
We will never forgo our hate.
Hate by water and hate by land.
Hate of the head and hate of the hand
Hate of the hammer and hate of the crown
Hate of the 70 millions choking down
We love as one, we hate as one
We have one foe and one alone: England!
1.
2.
3.
Who do you think chanted this poem?
If you were British, how would you feel about this poem?
Which cause of WWI does this song reflect and why?
Immediate Causes: The Spark
List of Characters:
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the
throne of the Austria
• The Black Hand, a secret society
committed to ending Austrian rule in
Slavic lands
Setting:
• Sarajevo, Bosnia’s (Slavic area) capital
city
• June 28, 1914 a royal visit to increase
loyalty but also Saint Vitus’ Day, the
day Serbians lost their independence to
the Ottomans
Climax
• Gavrilo Princip
– 19 yrs. old
– member of the Black Hand
– fires two bullets at close range
into the Archduke and his
wife Sophie
• Both die in the hospital
Page 7
• In your own words, describe
what happened in Sarajevo.
• What might Austria do?
Accusations that Serbia was
behind the plot
• July 23, 1914
• Austria issues an ultimatum
of demands that Serbia must
do to avoid war.
• The harshest was allowing
Austrian police to enter
Serbia and look for the Black
Hand.
Start to
Stalemate
What is a stalemate?
Friends
• Serbia is scared of war but does not want to
give in to demands.
• Russia tells Serbia that it will support Serbia
in a war against Austria.
• Austria is worried about a war against Russia
and asks Germany for help. Germany agrees
to defend Austria if need be.
July 25, 1914
• Serbia accepts all demands except the one
allowing Austrian police into Serbia.
War!!!
• Austria rejects Serbia’s
offer and declares war on
Serbia.
• Russia mobilizes (get the
troops ready for war)
along Austrian and
German borders.
Why would Russia mobilize
along the German
border???
Basic #13 Vocabulary
1st Battle of the Marne – 1st battle of World War I
and started trench warfare
Allies – Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Portugal,
Greece, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, and USA
Battle of the Sommes – 5 month battle with
+1,000,000 soldiers killed, including +60,000
British soldiers in 1 day.
Battle of Verdun – 11 month battle with + 500,000
casualties (wounded, killed, or missing-in-action)
on both sides
Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Basic #13 Vocabulary Cont…
Convoy – a group of merchant ships protected by warships
Eastern Front – Battle line between Germany/AustriaHungary and Russia
Mobilize/mobilization – to prepare military forces for war
New Weapons – inventions of the industrial revolution
which greatly increased casualties in war such as tanks,
poison gas, submarines, airplanes, & machine guns
No Man’s Land – the land between enemy trenches, not
many people survived in it for long
Over the Top – call given when soldiers were order to
attack the opposing trench
Shell shocked – when soldiers went crazy from artillery
falling on them every few minutes for weeks at a time
Basic #13 Vocabulary Cont…
Stalemate – a deadlock in which neither side can
advance
Trench foot – when soldier’s feet would rot as a
result of being wet for too long
Trench warfare – when opposing sides dig
trenches in the earth to protect soldiers from
modern weapons
U-boats – German submarines
Western Front – trenches between Belgium/France
and Germany
Zeppelins – large gas-filled balloons, used to bomb
the English coast
Basic #13 Questions
1. What does mobilization mean?
2. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire were called the
3. France, Britain, Russia, Serbia, Belgium and later Italy and the US were called the
4. The fighting in Belgium and France was known as the __________________.
5. Which famous battle stopped Germany’s advance towards Paris in 1914?
6. When neither army is able to gain ground, we call that a _______________.
7. WWI is most widely known for this type of fighting?
8. Soldiers with wet boots and socks often got a condition called ___________________.
9. When the whistle blew, it was time for soldiers to go _____________________.
10. The area between the two enemy trenches where the fighting took place was called
___________________.
11. Which famous battle was waged by the Germans to capture an ancient French fortress?
12. Which famous battle was launched by the British to relieve the French at Verdun?
13. Soldiers who were psychologically injured by combat were said to be
.
14. What five industrialized weapons were first used in the first world war?
15. What were the large airships that dropped bombs on enemy cities?
• Germany feared that if they
attacked Russia, France
would come to their aid.
• Schlieffen Plan
– deal with a war on two
fronts
– French and Russians.
• The only way to win was to
have a lightning quick attack
(3 weeks) on France through
neutral Belgium towards
Paris.
• After the French surrender the
German Army can turn to deal
with the larger but slower
Russian Army.
Schlieffen Plan
Page 8: How was the
Schlieffen Plan supposed to
work?
Draw a map to illustrate this.
English
Channel
The right
flank
should
brush along
the English
Channel.
Belgium???
• Germany invades Belgium in
route to France.
• Great Britain feels obligated by an
80-year-old treaty to defend
Belgium’s neutrality declares war
on Germany and sends its small
army to France.
• France follows Plan 17 that called
for an attack straight into the
heart of Germany to have a quick
victory. Meeting stiff resistance
the French army retreats.
Italy, Where are you?
• Italy refuses to join with its allies
of Austria and Germany because
it claims that the alliance was a
defensive treaty.
• So since Germany attacked
France, Italy did not have to go
to war.
• In all warring nations reserves are
called up and millions go off to
war. Most experts think that the
war will be over in the matter of
months.
Countries in First
World War
Standing Armies & Reserves in
August 1914
Mobilized Forces in 1914-18
Russia
5,971,000
12,000,000
France
4,017,000
8,410,000
Great Britain
975,000
8,905,000
Italy
United States
1,251,000
200,000
Which nation
had the largest
Army in 1914?
5,615,000
4,355,000
Japan
800,000
Romania
290,000
Serbia
200,000
Belgium
117,000
Greece
230,000
Portugal
40,000
100,000
Montenegro
50,000
50,000
Which nation
drafted the
largest
percentage?
800,000
750,000
707,000
267,000
230,000
Germany
4,500,000
11,000,000
Austria-Hungary
3,000,000
7,800,000
Turkey
210,000
2,850,000
Bulgaria
280,000
1,200,000
Stopped!!!
• September 3, 1914
• The 1st Battle of Marne:
German forces are within
striking distance of Paris.
The French find out about
how and when the Germans
will attack.
• To stop the Germans the
French sent every available
soldier by taxi to the front
line. The French win this
battle and stop the German
advance.
Race to the Sea
• September 13, 1914
• Germans have retreated
nearly 60 miles to
fortified trenches. The
war slows to a stalemate.
• Both sides dig extensive
trenches 466 miles long
from Switzerland to the
English Canal.
• The so-called Great War
has begun. It will be the
most deadly war that the
world had ever seen.
• These
trench
lines will
remain
locked in
place for
the next
3½ years.
• This front
will be the
most
deadly and
costly area
of combat.
The Western Front
New Players and New Names
• In late 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined with
Germany and Austria. Later Bulgaria joins as
well.
• These nations were called the Central Powers for
the remainder of the War.
• In 1915, Italy switches sides (for the promise of
Austrian lands after the war) and joins with France,
Britain, Russia, Belgium and Serbia.
• These nations were called the Allies for the
remainder of the war.
Page 9: Color and Label the WWI map.
Include:
-the two alliances
-The fronts
–
–
–
–
–
–
Western
Eastern
Italian
Balkan
Caucasian
Middle East
-And the nations
-Gallipoli (star)
Italy
Eastern Front
• Russian versus
Germans,
Austrians and
Turks.
• Germans beat the
Russians and
slowly push east.
• Why were the
Russians losing so
badly?
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
• Russia greatly
outnumbered the
Germans and the
Austrians.
• Germany’s army was
fighting France as
well.
• Austria was attacking
the Serbians and then
the Italians (1915).
• Short on supplies:
food, ammo, guns,
clothing and boots.
• Russia had all their
ports blocked by
Germans and Turks.
• By 1915 Russia had
lost 2 million soldiers.
Life in the
Trenches
Trench Warfare
• Trench System: Created to protect the soldiers
from enemy fire
• Soldiers in Trenches:
– Ate and Slept
– Wrote home
– died
Page 10: Draw 2 diagrams
of a trench. One from the
side and one from the top.
Label the following
Side view:
Barbed Wire
Fire step
Duck Board
Top View:
Front Trench
No Man’s Land
Reserve
Artillery
Dug-out
Routine
What did the soldiers do all day?
·Most received only 3 to 4 hours of sleep.
·At night repair groups would venture out to repair
the barbed wire.
• After it was obvious that no attack was coming
soldiers would play cards, nap and write letters
Food and Shelter
• Most food was dull and
sometimes poorly cooked and
almost always cold
 Water, if purified had a bad
taste, sometime soldiers had
to strain water from blackish
puddles
 Most slept in “dugout” holes
made in the side of the
trenches
•
Gear
and
Supplies
Other than the soldiers rifle and
uniform the soldier carried the
following:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
two grenades
220 rounds of ammo
wire cutters
entrenching tool
two sandbags
rolled ground sheet
Haversack
shaving kit
message book
iron food rations
• Total of 66 pounds.
-steel helmet
-field dressing
-Greatcoat
-water bottle
-Towel
-mess tin
-extra socks
Rats and Barbed Wire
Rats
• lived on the dead bodies
• big as cats
Barbed wire
• cheap and easy way to guard a trench from attack.
Death and Illnesses
• Pneumonia and bronchitis
• Soldier feet remained wet for too long they could
develop “trench foot” that made the foot rot.
Machine Guns
• Machine guns
–600 shots per minute
–cooled by a water chamber
Artillery and Communication
 Light artillery
 could fire 15 to 20 rounds every minute
 Six of every ten casualties were caused by
artillery.
 “Big Bertha” range of 15 Kilometers.
 Communications
 ill equipped for war
 send a message was via a phone line
 Sometimes messenger pigeons and runners
Shell Shocked
• Lack of sleep
+
Page 17:
List the causes of
being Shell Shocked.
• Noise from Artillery
+
List the symptom of
being Shell Shocked.
• Fear of random death
=
• Shell Shocked
How could this effect
the daily life of a
soldier?
Poison Gas
• This weapon moved through the air and if the
wind changed direction so did the gas. But most
gasses were heavier than air and would naturally
sink into trenches.
• Gas attacks claimed the lives of over 1 million
soldiers.
Tanks
• To fool the enemy from learning about this new
weapon these landships were called “water tanks.”
• Eight men
• converted tractors with guns
• 4 MPH
• weighted 28 tons
• extremely unreliable
Air
Warfare
Planes
– Reconnaissance (scouting)
– 50 mph
– originally had no weapons.
• Eventually these planes are mounted
with machine guns and have an
increased speed.
Zeppelins
• only aircraft used to attack
• Large hydrogen balloons
• carried 1 ton of bombs.
Page 18: Pick one of these
weapons to research.
Make a diagram of the weapon
and label the parts
Give a brief description of the
weapon and explain the impact
on the war.
The Hell of War
• Veterans knew when the
attacks were coming
because:
• the officers would check
every soldier to make sure
that they were adequately
supplied.
• They also handed out dog
tags
• fed everyone well.
• Sometime a quick shot of
rum was give to “increase”
bravery.
Over the Top
A whistle then blew and the first wave when “over
the top” into No Man’s Land.
They spread out about one yard apart and moved
towards the enemy trench.
Other waves would quickly follow.
The troops had to cross hundreds of yards of
barbed wire under fire from artillery, rifles and
the deadly machine guns.
Those few who made it faced hand-to-hand
combat.
Success?
• If the attack succeeded the
enemy would retreat to the
reserve trench and seal off
the communication trench.
• The front usually only moved
one trench at a time.
• Thousands died for a few
hundred yards!
• 21 million soldiers were
wounded during WWI.
Major
Conflicts
Verdun
• Germans attack ancient
French fortress.
• 300,000 men were killed on
both sides.
• Germans only gained 4 miles!
Somme
• British attacked to relieve the
French.
• 20,000 British soldiers were
lost on the first day.
• By the end 500,000 men on
both sides were lost.
• British only gained 5 miles.
Page 19: Big Battles
• Why did they attack the other
trenches?
• What were the results of these
attacks?
• Were the battles worth it?
Basic #14 Vocabulary
2nd Battle of the Marne – July 1918, Germany’s
last offensive is stopped by US troops
Armenian Genocide – when Turks attempt to
empty the Ottoman empire of all Armenians by
marching them out of the country and kill over
600,000 in the process
Armistice – an agreement to end fighting
Atrocity - horrible acts against innocent people
Conscription – draft, requiring all young men to be
ready for military or other service
Contraband – military supplies and raw materials
needed to make military supplies
Basic #14 Vocabulary Cont…
Czar Nicholas II – leader of Russia during WWI, whose
mismanagement of the war would result in the Russian
Revolution
Gallipoli Campaign – attempt by Australians and New
Zealanders to open a supply line to Russia
Lusitania – passenger ship carrying contraband. when
attacked by u-boats, 128 Americans died.
Middle Eastern Front - British attempts, by TE Lawrence
(Lawrence of Arabia), to overcome the Turks with Arab aid
Neutrality – when a nation refuses to take sides during a war
(ex. Switzerland)
Propaganda – spreading ideas to promote a cause or damage
an opposing cause
Rationing – restricting the amount of stuff people can buy
during war times
Basic #14 Vocabulary Cont…
Russian Revolution – caused Russia to pull out of
WWI
Self-determination – the right of people to choose
their own form of government
Total war – using an entire nation’s resources to
win the war effort
Unrestricted submarine warfare – when u-boats
fired on enemy ships with no warning
Woodrow Wilson – US President during WWI
Zimmerman Telegram – German telegram to
Mexico, offering Mexico US territory if Mexico
would join WWI on the side of the Central Powers
Basic #14 Questions
1. The fighting in Russia and southeastern Europe was known as the _________________.
2. What were the goals of the Gallipoli Campaign?
3. The British officer Lawrence of Arabia was a key player in which major front of the
war?
4. What do we call it when the Turks killed millions of their Christian citizens over fears
that they would aid the Russians?
5. What strategy did the Germans used to starve out Great Britain (UK)?
6. What is Total War?
7. When you conserve resources for the war, this is called____________.
8. One-sided information used to make a person feel something about an issue is
called___________.
9. When a nation refuses to take a side in a conflict it is called __________________.
10. Who was the President of the US during the First World War?
11. The US was outraged when a German U-Boat killing 128 Americans sank the British
passenger ship the _________________.
12. Which message from the German Ambassador urged Mexico to declare war on the
United States?
13. Who was the leader of Russia through most of WWI?
14. What caused the Russians to pull out of WWI?
15. What battle was Paris saved from a last German offensive by American troops and
tanks?
Gallipoli (Turkey)
• Goal was to knock out the
Turks and open a supply line to
Russia.
• An amphibious assault on the
Gallipoli peninsula.
• The forces were mostly
Australian and New
Zealanders.
• The Turks had the high ground
and no real gains were made.
• After 1 year the Allies had lost
250,000 men and withdrew.
Asia and the Pacific• Japan- Japan joined the
Allies a few weeks after
the war started.
– Easily capturing German
colonies in China and the
Pacific.
Africa
• Germany had 4 colonies
in Africa at the start of
the WWI.
• Only German East Africa
held out until 1918 (two
weeks after Germany
surrendered).
Middle East •
Britain promised to help Arabs
if they rebelled against the
Turks.
• Arabs rebelled but were denied
their own nation after the war.
Armenian Genocide
• Christians who were
part of the Ottoman
Empire
• Russian-Ottoman front
• Some Armenians
helped the Russians
– their fellow Christian
• The Ottomans got mad
and deported the entire
population
• Between 600,000 and
1.5 Million Armenians
died.
Naval Warfare
Dreadnoughts
• huge powerful steel battleships
• ran on oil
• too expensive and often named
after famous individual.
• This made naval commander
reluctant to use them in combat.
Submarines (U-Boats)
• Submarines were underwater boats that were
extremely useful at sinking enemy supply ships.
• Because they were technically ships they had to
obey the Law of the Sea
– If you attack a civilian vessel you must give warning
– Give time for the crew to get into life vessels
– Call in the position so that the crew can be rescued
Atlantic Ocean
• Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
• Germans used U-Boats
(subs) to starve out the
British.
• Sunk neutral ships as well
and angered the US.
• U-Boat sunk 3,000 ships
in 1917 alone.
Page 20: War Around
the World
• Briefly describe in each box
how the war impacted these
regions.
Where was the US???
• America was Neutral during the first 3 years of the
war.
• Many Americas believed that the War was a
European affair and that the US should stay out of it.
American Entry
• We didn’t want to get into the war and we
weren’t ready (16th largest Army in the World)
• Why Join the War?
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Lusitania
– a British passenger ship (carrying weapons) was
sunk
– 1,198 civilians lost their lives (128 were Americans)
• Zimmerman note
– encoded message sent by German Ambassador
– asking Mexico and Japan to attack the United States.
• This was the last straw and America declared
war on April 2, 1917.
President
Woodrow
Wilson
Page 21: US ENTRY
• Why did American stay out of the
war for 3 years?
• Briefly describe the 3 reasons why
the US entered?
• What extra motive did President
Wilson have for entering the war?
Home Front
• Total War: when a nation uses all
of its resources for the war effort.
• Government took over the
economy
• Rationing (limiting) goods
• Pro-War Propaganda
– Love our troops, hate the enemy
• Mass conscription
• Unemployment nearly zero%
• Women join factories
– 43% in Russia
• People bought war bonds to help
fund the war
Russian Withdrawal
• March 1917 Czar Nicholas II
abdicated due to domestic unrest.
– By 1917 the Russian Army lost 5.5
million soldiers.
• November (October) Revolution
and V.I. Lenin takes over Russia
Costly Peace for Russia
• Lenin signs a peace treaty in
March 1918 and signs the
Brest-Litovsk peace treaty.
• Russia signs over control of
Finland, Poland, Ukraine,
Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania. ¼ its pop. 1/5 of
land
• With Russia out of the war
the Germans can move all
troops to the Western Front.
PAGE 22: RUSSIAN
WITHDRAWL
1. Why did Russia withdraw from
the war?
2. Why is this such a HUGE deal?
Germany’s Last Chance
2nd Battle of Marne
• 1918 Germany attacks
– 6,000 artillery pieces and
veteran troops from the
Eastern Front
– German pushed through the
line and was only 40 miles
from Paris.
• Allies used 350 tanks and
over 140,000 American
soldiers to stop the attack.
The Bitter Truth:
Soldiers’ Poetry
• Wilfred Owen (18931918) died a week before
the war ended
• “Dulce Et Decorum Est”
Dulce Et Decorum Est
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs,
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame, all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of gas-shells dropping softly behind.
Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!--An ecstasy of fumbling
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime.-Dim through the misty panes and thick green light,
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams before my helpless sight
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
If in some smothering dreams, you too could
pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin,
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs
Bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues –
FINISH THE LAST 4 LINES on Page 23
Dulce Et Decorum Est
If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin,
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs
Bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,--
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
The End
• America started to
transport its nearly 2
million new troops.
• Central Powers realized
defeat and started to
surrender: Bulgaria,
Turkey, Austria, and
finally Germany on Nov.
11, 1918 at 11am.
Page 24: Interesting Fact—
Research any TOPIC of WWI
and write about it!
Battles
Person
Weapon
Civilians
Personal Family Story
Or any other topic approved by teacher