Transcript Government Control during WWI

Government Control during WWI
•Espionage Act: Made it a crime to spy, sabotage,
refuse military service if drafted, or obstruct military
recruitment.(1917)
•Sedition Act: Made it a crime punishable by
imprisonment to say anything “disloyal, profane, or
abusive about the government or armed forces.(1918)
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When the United States entered the war in 1917, Germany increased U-boat
attacks, hoping to win the war before American troops could make a difference.
Convoys of British and American ships, protected by warships, provided better
safety at sea.
Several factors gave the Central Powers an advantage on land.
•
The Allies were exhausted from years of fighting.
•
Russia was torn apart by revolutions at home.
•
Communists gained control of Russia, and their leader Vladimir Lenin signed a
treaty with Germany in 1918, ending Russian involvement in the war.
•
The closing of the Eastern Front allowed Germany to send more troops to the
Western Front.
In the spring of 1918, Germany began an all-out offensive on the Western Front.
The attacks threatened
to break through Allied
defenses and open
a path to Paris.
More American
soldiers began to
arrive, and U.S. troops
carried more of the
burden of fighting.
War is Over
• On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrendered to the Allies.
• The same day the German sailors mutinied.
• November 9th, socialist leaders in Berlin, established a German republic and the Kaiser gave up his
throne.
• On November 11th at the 11th hour Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed an armistice.
• No major battle, no Allied soldiers on German soil. Germans were too exhausted to continue.
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The Paris Peace Talks
The Big Four met with the leaders of the other
Allied countries to discuss the fate of Europe, the
former Ottoman empire, and various colonies.
The Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to
take part in the negotiations at the conference.
Goals of the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference
Woodrow
Wilson
•
“Peace without victory” based
on the Fourteen Points
David Lloyd
George
•
Money to rebuild and
improve Britain
•
A weakened Germany
•
Lands promised to Italy in
secret treaties
•
National states of their own
Georges
Clemenceau
Vittorio
Orlando
People of Eastern
European empires
The Big Four
at the Treaty of Versailles
• Britain: David Lloyd – George
• Felt GB should be given Germany’s
colonies
• Wanted Germany weakened in some
way
• Felt GB should have some control of the
seas
The Big Four
• France : George Clemenceau
• Wanted French troops on the
Rhineland guarding against future
attacks
• Wanted Alsace-Lorraine back- taken
in 1870
• Wanted Germany to pay for
everything
The Big Four
• Italy: Vittorio Orlando
• Wanted extra land for Italy
• Wanted his FAIR SHARE from the spoils of war
USA: Woodrow Wilson
Wilson’s Fourteen Points made specific proposals to promote future peace.
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Practice open diplomacy.
•
Allow freedom of
the seas.
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Encourage free trade.
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Reduce arms stockpiles.
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Scale back colonialism.
•
Encourage
self-determination of nations.
•
Establish a League of Nations.
However, Allied leaders at Versailles wanted reparations.
• European leaders did not share Wilson’s vision of peace without victory.
• They wanted Germany to pay for war damages.
• They also wanted to protect European colonialism
and expand their countries’ territories.
Wilson did succeed in establishing the League of
Nations, a group of more than 40 countries formed to
negotiate disputes in an effort to avoid future wars.
Because of
opposition to
the League, the
United States
Senate refused
to ratify the
Treaty of
Versailles.
The United States
never joined the
League of Nations.
Although it promised
collective security,
the League proved
ineffective in preventing
future wars.
In June 1919, the Allies forced Germany
to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
The German delegates were horrified
because the Allies:
•
Forced Germany to accept full blame for the war
•
Imposed reparations of $30 billion on Germany
•
Severely limited the size of the German military
•
Took land and overseas colonies from Germany
RESULTS OF WWI
•Treaty of Versailles:
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Germany had to accept
total responsibility for
starting the First World War.
this was called the War Guilt
Clause or Article 231.
Germany had to pay $30
billion in reparations to cover
war damages and other
Allied losses.
These were called reparations.
•
In 1919, one loaf of bread cost 1 mark; by
1923, the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion
marks.
•
4.2 marks = 1 U.S. dollar at the outbreak of
World War I
•
By November 1923, the American dollar was worth
4,210,500,000,000 German marks
Germany had to hand over
some 70,000 square
kilometres of land.
This accounted for about 13%
of all of her land and six
million of her people who
lived there.
Germany was to have her
colonies taken away from her.
These colonies were to
become mandates run by the
Allies on behalf of the
League of Nations.
The German army was to
have no more than 100,000
men and the navy was limited
to 15,000 sailors.
There was to be no airforce
and no submarines.
The German navy was only
allowed six battleships and
Germany was forbidden to
buy any more weapons and
other war material.
An Allied Army was to occupy
the Rhineland for a period
of fifteen years.
No German troops were to be
allowed into the occupation
zone.
RESULTS OF WWI
• Great Empires came to an end: German Empire,
Austria-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Russian
Empire
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RESULTS OF WWI
• New Countries: Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia
• New boundary lines were drawn which caused tension
that carried over into WWII
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Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire,
Germany, and Russia all lost land and new
countries were formed.
The treaties did not give independence to
European colonies in Asia and Africa.
France - 1,368,000 dead
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Austria Hungary - 1,200,000 dead
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Germany - 1,935,000 dead
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British Empire - 942,135 dead
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Other nations
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• Belgium - 45,550
Greece - 23,098
Italy - 680,000
Portugal - 8,145
Romania 300,000
Serbia - 45,000
Bulgaria - 87,495
Ottoman empire 725,000
Montenegro 3,000
Japan - 1,344
United States - 116,516 dead
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Russia - 1,700,000 dead
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