Transcript Chapter 2
NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS Focus 1. What were the causes and effects of the beginning of African slave labor in the Americas? 2. Identify the positive and negative impact of the Columbian Exchange on both the European and native population in North America. 3. How did the patterns of settlement differ among the Spanish, English, and French immigrants? Objectives • Examine the rise and fall of Spain as a major power in the Atlantic. • Examine the failures and successes of English colonization • Examine French and Dutch attempts at colonization. • Compare and contrast Spanish and English approaches to colonial governance. Mercantilism The nation as a whole, not the individual in it, was the principal actor in the economy. Mercantilism was more regulated than Capitalism. Its main goals were: 1. To increase the nations total wealth. Wealth was finite. 2. To extract wealth from foreign lands (colonies). Native American Histories before Conquest 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of South America. These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases Routes of the First Americans Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s Confederacies of Eastern North America Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois--Central New York Powhattans--Chesapeake Columbian Exchange / A World Transformed Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival Threats to Survival: Disease Contact brings population decline among American Indians Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease smallpox measles influenza Rate as high as ninety-five percent West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs A history of empires Mali Ghana Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans Trade Routes in Africa Beginnings of the Slave Trade 15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves How Many Slaves? 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year 18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860--ca. 11 million Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas. Europe on the Eve of Conquest 10th Century --Leif Ericson settles “Vinland” Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas settlement attained rise of nation-states spread of new technologies spread of old knowledge. 1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization Building New Nation-States Population growth after 1450 “New Monarchs” forge nations from scattered provinces Spain France England “Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed Imagining a New World Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492--Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization Columbus Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” 1492--Initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America The Conquistadores Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521--Cortés destroys Aztec Empire 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest Voyages of European Exploration From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors Large land grants Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute Appointed officials answer only to Crown Catholic Church Protects Indian rights Performs mass conversions By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarry Mixed-blood population emerges Spain in the New World Economically, Spain relied on its simple economy. Its colonies were not self-sufficient. They were successful at extracting wealth (gold & silver). The crown enforced its mercantilist policy. Spain in the New World Socially, Spain ruled its empire, but could not people it. Were not able to establish a predominantly European settlement. Relied on intermarriage. Spaniard were considered highest in the social class, followed by mestizos, and natives. The Decline of Spain Aided by the English, the Dutch will revolt and declare independence from Spain Phillip II assembles the Spanish Armada and attempt to invade England. Spain will lose the Netherlands, the war with the English and its dominance in the New World. The French Claim Quebec 1608—Champlain claims Quebec for the French. Earlier attempts (Cartier, Verrazano, Ft. Caroline) at establishing permanent settlements had been unsucceful. French will settle deep inside the continent and forge close, direct ties with the natives. The Algonquin and Huron become valued trading partners in the fur trade. The Dutch Claim New Amsterdam 1626—New Amsterdam in founded on Manhattan Island. The Dutch were also dependent on fur trade and Native American Alliances for success. The Iroquois become valued trading partners The English Enter the Competition Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I Birth of English Protestantism English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany 1536--John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics The English Reformation Tudor monarchs bring political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthens Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English Catholic Counterreformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English Reformation Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans Woman in Power Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduces Via Media Protestant Doctrine “Catholic” Ritual Ends religious turmoil in England Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric They way would view Native Americans the same English Conquest of Ireland Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward English under Elizabeth seize Irish land English Brutality English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance such as massacre of women and children English adventurers compare Native Americans with “wild” Irish An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virginia Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery Campaign to Sell America By 1600 no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization Claimed that England needs American colonies England in the New World Economically, England was not able to extract as much gold and silver as Spain, however, their economy was more complex. They were very successful in making agriculture and commerce profitable. England in the New World Socially, England was able to create a self-contained European society. England in the New World Politically, English colonies had more autonomy Many will establish representative governments