Transcript russia and japan: industrialization outside of the west

1850 – 1914
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Russia and Japan
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Japan and Russia Compared
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Managed to avoid Western dominance
Industrialize to achieve economic autonomy.
Proved to be the most flexible politically
Strain of industrialization produced a series of revolutions in Russia
As late industrializing nations
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There were substantial similarities between Russia and Japan.
Both nations had prior experience with cultural imitation
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Japan from China
Russia from Byzantium and the West.
Both had achieved more effective central governments during the
17th and 18th centuries.
As both countries industrialized, they came into conflict over
territorial ambitions in Asia.
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Russian leaders in the 18th and early 19th centuries
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Russian Intellectuals (Intelligentsia)
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Isolate Russia from European revolution, Napoleon; completed shift to conservatism
Tsar Alexander I sponsored Holy Alliance, linked conservative monarchies together
Remained connected to western European trends
This connection that worried the elite.
1825 and After
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The Decembrist uprising
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Tsar Nicholas I
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Western-oriented military officers attempted a coup
Defeated by Imperial forces and members hung
Turned to repressive conservatism
Russia also lacked substantial middle or artisan classes
Both helped Russia avoid mid-19th century revolutions.
Official Nationality, Orthodoxy, Autocracy: Formal name to Nicholas’ policies
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The tsar suppressed Polish nationalism in 1831 and demanded assimilation of minorities
Insisted on a traditional church and approach to politics especially autocracy
Pressed southward against the Ottoman Empire.
Russia supported nationalist movements in the Balkans as a means of weakening the Turks.
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The reality of Russia’s position
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Economy remained primarily agrarian
Fell behind the West in terms of production and trade
To maintain the profitability of grain exports
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Tighter labor obligations were imposed on the peasantry
Tendency to export grain to raise money left many hungry
The Crimean War, 1854-1856
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Demonstrated how far Russia had fallen behind the West
British, French forces drove the Russians from the Crimea
Loss convinced Tsar Alexander II that reform was needed
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The Peasant Problem
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In order to establish a more vigorous economy
Some attempt had to be made to resolve the peasant crisis.
Belief that a freer labor force could increase profitability.
Western criticism of Russian social injustice also stung Russian sensibilities.
Series of minor peasant rebellions in 1850s stimulated the movement for
reform.
Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861
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The freed serfs got most of the land
Aristocracy retained political and economic power
Serfs remained tied to their villages
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Until they could pay for the land they received.
Redemption payments, taxes kept peasants in poverty
The emancipation produced a larger urban labor force
But failed to stimulate agricultural production
Slow pace of change engendered social dissatisfaction
Led to regional peasant uprisings, peasant distrust
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Alexander II carried out other reforms
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Industrialization and the State
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Issued new law codes, established regional councils (zemstvoes) for input on local decisions
Began military reforms
Literacy spread more widely in society with the rise of a mass market in popular literary forms
Women gained power slightly through greater access to education
Somewhat loosened patriarchal authority
Russia lacked a substantial middle class: state handled capital formation, investment
Russia created a substantial railroad network in the 1870s
Zemstvo Stamp
Better transportation permitted more efficient use of Russia's abundant natural resources
The railroad also facilitated shipment of grain to the West, which in turn helped finance industrialization.
1880s – 1910s and the Results of Industrialization
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Modern factories had begun to develop in major Russian cities
Count Sergei Witte, minister of finance from 1892 to 1903, enacted high tariffs to protect new industries.
Witte also encouraged Western investment in Russian industrialization.
As a result, nearly one half of Russia's industrial businesses were foreign-owned.
By 1900, Russia ranked fourth in steel production and second in petroleum production.
Russian factories were typically enormous but technologically inferior.
Agriculture also lagged behind Western standards of productivity.
The masses of Russian citizens were only slightly affected by industrialization.
Military reforms did not substantially alter the concept of peasant conscripts serving aristocratic landlords.
Russian industrialization produce a substantial middle class.
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Post-1855
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Pan-Slavism and Slavophiles
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Ideologies that portrayed Russia as leader of all Slavs
Goal was to liberate all Slavs, unite them under Russian rule
Sought to unite Slavs under Russian tsar, common state
Saw Russian culture as superior: anti-westernizers
Led to Russification in Russia and conflict with Germany, Russia
Alliance with France in 1894 and later with England
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Undo impact of Crimean War and conquer Ottoman Empire
Obtain Constantinople as outlet to the Mediterranean
Expand Russia’s influence in Asia
Expand Russian influence amongst Balkan peoples
Rise of Germany scared Russia who made common cause with France
Similar fears eventually caused Russia and UK to bury differences
Russo-Japanese War 1904 – 1905
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Russian military expansion came to an end in 1904
Japan and Russia came into conflict over expansion in northern China.
The Japanese quickly defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War
Military defeat unleashed all of the dissenting forces in Russia.
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What modern states did the Russians rule in 1914
but not in 1999?
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In Europe? In the Caucasus area? In Central Asia?
Geo-Politics & Geo-Economics
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How far is it from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok?
How would the size & distances in Russia make
Government difficult?
What relationship is there between Russian ports &
access to the seas?
Why would ports on the Barents Sea & Arctic Ocean not
be practical?
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During, after the 1880s, Russia became politically, socially unstable
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Radical intelligentsia demanded revolution
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Intellectual radicalism shaded off into terrorism and anarchism as a way to restructure society
Initially, Russian radicals sought to spread their message among the peasants
But they found the masses unreceptive
Anarchists fell back on political assassination to unseat the government
Alexander II was assassinated in 1881: his successors imposed repressive policies to dampen unrest.
Russian Marxism
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Ethnic minorities began to agitate for national recognition after the 1860s.
Recurrent famines produced peasant unrest.
Intellectual protest began
Business and professional people sought further liberal reforms
In the 1890s, intellectuals picked up Marxism from the West as a means of organizing the revolution.
Lenin introduced innovations in Marxism to accommodate the reality of Russian society
Lenin's organization called for small disciplined cells of Marxists to organize the revolution.
Lenin's approach was accepted by the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Marxists.
Radicalism spread rapidly among urban workers, who formed unions and engaged in strikes.
The Russian Government
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Faced with mass protests in cities and countryside state clamped down on reform
Created a secret police to spy on, infiltrate radical organizations
Began exiling malcontents to Siberia
Lenin, Engels, Marx
From Marxism to Bolshevism
Bakunin: Anarchism
From Narodniki to Nihilists
Russian Social
Revolutionaries
(Agrarian Socialists)
THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM
IN RUSSIA ACCORDING
TO THE MARXISTS
The Tsar, Nobles
The Church
The Military and Police
The Rich Bourgeoisie
The Peasants, Workers
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The Russian Revolution of 1905
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After repression failed, tsar's government offered reforms.
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Duma (national parliament) created; multi-party system legalized
Constitution rewritten
Minister Stolypin Enacts Reforms
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Began when soldiers mistakenly opened fire on pro-tsarist demonstration
Soldiers, sailors mutinied at end of Russo-Japanese War
Urban workers produced widespread strikes
Peasants revolts erupted across Russia.
Offered lighter burdens to the peasantry
Offered peasants a place in village councils
Peasant rebellions did die out
Some peasants began to accumulate substantial land
The reforms were rapidly undone.
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Tsar Nicholas II withdrew concessions to workers
New rounds of strikes followed
Duma rapidly became a political nonentity.
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1750
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Split between Ottomans, Austria, Poland
Had largely missed Reformation, Renaissance, changes
To 1914
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Poland has disappeared
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Ottomans expelled from Europe
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Eastern Europe was a patchwork quilt of nationalities
Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Serbia included large minorities
Replicated Russian patterns of political autocracy
Many did establish parliaments put politics was violent, brutal
Most eastern European nations abolished serfdom in 1848
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After series of wars, revolts ended in two large Balkans wars in 1912
Except for small part of Thrace, Turks expelled from Europe
Many Muslims (converted Slavs, Greeks) remained as did large Turkish populations
Many new nations emerged in the Balkans
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Three partitions
Russia, Austria and Prussia each received lands
Shared a common goal never to allow a Polish state to arise again
Industrialization was less thorough and many traditional Ottoman patterns remained
Landlords continued to wield economic and political power
Most energy, money spent on building nations, supporting large militaries
Slavic nations enjoyed an era of great cultural productivity
Diplomatically allied with Russia or Germany/Austria
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Geography & Japan
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What lands block Japanese expansion?
If Japan were to expand abroad, what would she need?
Why would Japan covet Korea?
Geography & War (use map on 651 too)
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If Japan expanded into Korea, what countries would
contest the move?
What 2 wars did Japan fight?
What geographic problems plagued Russia but would
help Japan?
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The Late Tokugawa Shogunate
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Utilitzed a central bureaucracy
Combined with alliances to feudal magnates
Government was chronically short of funds
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Due to limited income from taxes
Also due to high payments made to feudal lords for their loyalty
Shortages of income led to reform movements
This weakened shogunate and made it vulnerable to external threats
Government and Society
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The political alliance between the bureaucracy and the samurai worked well
Growth of neo-Confucianism made Japanese life more secular
Also precluded a religious opposition to change
Literacy rates in Japan were much higher than in the West
The national school emphasized essentially Japanese culture
Dutch Studies school represented attempts to learn Western science, technology
The Japanese economy expanded on the basis of commercial growth
Manufacturing began to extend into countryside producing some rural protests
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1848
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1853
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Japan was forced to receive Western consuls
Forced to open ports to foreign trade.
Shogun faced immediate opposition
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American commodore Matthew Perry arrived
Demanded that Japan be opened to trade
1856
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Ranald McDonald
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=6247
Daimyos insisted on maintaining isolation
Shogun and the daimyos both made appeals to the emperor
Emperor began to emerge as a more powerful figure.
Meiji Restoration
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Some among the samurai saw an opportunity to unseat the shogun
In 1860s samurai armed with Western weapons defeated shogun's army
In 1868, certain samurai restored imperial rule under Meiji Emperor
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The Meiji government abolished feudalism
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1884
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Replaced the daimyo states with regional prefectures
Government sent samurai abroad to study political, economic organization
Foreign observations were used to restructure the state
Government abolished payments to samurai
Paid samurai with government bonds but some samurai fell into poverty
Conscription provided a new army
Others found avenues of employment in the government and business.
Government created a new nobility to staff a House of Peers
Civil-service examinations were utilized to open the bureaucracy to men of talent.
1889 constitution
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Recognized the supremacy of the emperor
But gave limited powers to an elected lower house of representatives within the Diet.
The new constitution was based on German models.
Voting rights were determined by property qualifications
Five percent of the population to cast ballots
The form of government gave great authority to wealthy businessmen and nobles
Political parties developed
A small oligarchy continued to dominate the government into the 20th century
Inclusion of businessmen among political elite was major difference from Russian model of reform
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The influence of the army and navy
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Modernization necessary for military reasons
Foundations for industrialization
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An internal infrastructure was created
Guilds and internal tariffs were abolished
Clear title to land was granted to individuals
Government Involvement
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Became very influential in society
Many reforms were enacted to modernize the armed forces
Lack of capital dictated direct government involvement in the stages of industrialization.
Japan established the Ministry of Industry in 1870 to oversee economic development
The government built model factories to provide experience with new technology
Education was extended as a means of developing a work force
Private enterprise soon joined government initiatives, particularly in textiles
Industrial combines or zaibatsus served to accumulate capital for major investment.
Results
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Japan's careful management of industrialization limited foreign involvement.
Japan continued to depend on the importation of equipment and raw materials from the West.
Rapid growth depended on existence of cheap supply of labor often drawn from poorly paid women.
More than Russia, Japan's industrialization depended on selling manufactured goods abroad.
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Social change led to rapid population growth
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The education system stressed science and loyalty to the emperor
Westernization?
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Strained Japanese resources
But provided a ready supply of cheap labor.
As industrialization progressed, population growth dropped off.
Patriarchal households remained the norm
Divorce rates indicated increasing instability within family life.
Western culture arrived along with models of state and industrialization.
Shintoism as an expression of indigenous culture gained new popularity.
Foreign Policy
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Japan entered the race for colonial domination.
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The need to employ the new army
Search for raw materials
Efforts to prevent Western encroachment
All contributed to Japanese imperialism after 1890
Japan annexed the Ryuku Islands
Japan won easy victories over China in 1895 and over Russia in 1904.
The victories yielded Japan some territories in northern China
In 1910, Japan annexed Korea
COAL PRODUCTION IN JAPAN IN
VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1875 TO 1913
RAILROAD MILEAGE IN
JAPAN IN VARIOUS YEARS
FROM 1873 TO 1913
RAW SILK PRODUCTION AND EXPORT FROM JAPAN
1868 TO 1913
Production
annual
average
(tons)
Exports
annual
average
(tons)
1868-1872
1026
646
1883
1687
1347
Period
Year
Track
(miles)
1872
18
1883
240
1887
640
1894
2100
1904
4700
1914
7100
Year
Coal Production
(metric tons)
1875
600,000
1885
1,200,000
1895
5,000,000
1905
13,000,000
1913
21,300,000
THE SIZE OF THE JAPANESE
MERCHANT FLEET IN VARIOUS YEARS
FROM 1873 TO 1913
Year
Number of
Steamships
1873
26
1889-1893
4098
2444
1894
169
1899-1903
7103
4098
1904
797
1909-1913
12460
9462
1913
1514
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Industrialization and successful imperialism had costs
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Industrialization upended older traditions, social classes
Change is not accepted easily
Imperialism demanded a strong industrial base
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Unions, strikes arose in Japan and labor politics became part of industry
Carefully contrived political balance became unwieldy
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War industries tie up money in producing goods which have no benefit
Money spent on war could be invested elsewhere
Japan made the decision to be a great power and that meant arming
Ministries were forced to call more frequent elections
Few working majorities in the Diet
Factions emerged in the Diet and old timers dominated proceedings
Rise of Nationalism
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Conservatives appalled at trend to imitate the West.
Intellectuals bemoaned loss of an authentic Japanese identity
Both saw a Japan that was neither traditional nor Western.
Leaders urged loyalty to the emperor and the nation.
Nationalism became a strong force in Japanese politics.
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RUSSIA
part of wider process of change
state support – no middle class or capital
railroads – 1870s - stimulated
expansion of iron & coal industry
export of grain to West
urban working class grows
high tariffs to protect industry
Western investors to build factories
½ of industry foreign owned
debtor nation
1900 4th in world steel production
factories huge but not technically
advanced
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JAPAN
emperor has power
send samurai overseas to learn technology
& science
government banks fund trade & provide
capital
state built railroads
guilds abolished
create national market
government dominates industry
rr, mines, metallurgy
government control kept away too much
foreign intervention
Ministry of Industry
disciplined work systems
adapted Western practices for Japanese
conditions
zaibatsu – large industrial operations
depended on imports of raw materials
very dependent on world economic
situation
success in organizing industrialization
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emancipate serfs
still preserve aristocratic power
still tied to villages til pay off land
larger urban labor force
villages provide organization for peasants
reform – new law codes, zemstvoes (local political
councils
army conscription, Westernization
literacy increases
industrialization part of change & reform
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match imperialism of Western neighbors
Chinese sphere of influence
diplomatic aspirations not met by military power
defeat by Japanese (could not move navy into
Pacific fast enough)
protests at home
urban workers organize strikes
peasant insurrections
Duma created to pacify liberals
peasants gained more freedoms
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end isolation
end of Shogunate – emperor regains power
replace daimyos with district administrators
centralize power
social revolution – abolish samurai class
army based on conscription, Western style military
create new nobility, bureaucracy re-organized, civil
service exams
new parliament – diet
centralized imperial rule
power to wealthy business leaders and nobles
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population growth (strains resources, cheap labor)
universal education system
stress science, technology, morals & values
western fashions, calendar, metric system
western ideas only to complement Japanese
maintain women’s inferiority
Shintoism grows
nationalism – superiority, cohesion, deference to rulers
imperialism – Korea, Manchuria
poor living standards in cities
parliament clashes with emperor’s ministers
successful in modernizing yet keeping innate Japanese
culture
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process threatened traditional & social hierarchies
Russia – aristocracy threatened by serf freedom,
creation of zemstoves & army reforms
Japan – change in samurai status, fall of shogunate,
destruction of feudalism & military reforms
both use territorial expansion to appease aristocracy
& build support for imperial government
Japan expanded after industrialization (raw
materials)
Russia expanded long before industrialization (warmwater port)
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Japan & Russia use Western models for industrialization &
incorporate Western culture. Continue to trade with west so
dependent on West culturally & technologically.
Japan’s industrialization accomplished with less foreign
money or control. Japan more economically autonomous
Russia had a dependent economy with foreign capitalization
& reliance on agricultural exports
both involved in Western alliances
Latin America didn’t industrialize, was less involved in
Western diplomacy & colonialism. In cultural & money
borrowing they were similar to Japan & Russia.
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Comparisons in 1800
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Similarities in 1800
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Differences
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Both had a Confucian culture, adopted a policy of relative isolation from contacts
Both lagged behind west scientifically, industrially; forcibly opened by the West about the same time
China surpassed Japan in development
Chinese Confucian leadership was stronger, more developed; government was secular, bureaucratic
Chinese centralized government had no feudal lords to impeded or distract it
China had a rich tradition of innovation and scientific discoveries
Differences Determined Outcome of Contact
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So why did Japan succeed?
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China lacked flexibility: tried to squash or control innovation
Japan knew benefits of innovation; had a strong autonomous mercantile tradition
Japan’s feudalism produced a dedicated militaristic elite, limited centralization
China hampered by rapid population growth which consumed energy, resources
Japan was island nation open to maritime contacts, influences: learned from Chinese mistakes
Japanese government suffered no breakdown of authority even during Meiji Restoration
Or Did China fail?
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Chinese government less efficient, less popular as dynasty was in decline; intellectual life stifled
West fixated on China first as it was a greater prize
Western contacts only worsened internal situation and made reform, control difficult
Sino-Japanese War 1894 – 1895 proved Japan learned its lessons from the West
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Russia's already established role in the world expanded
in the 19th century, as its cultural, diplomatic, and
military power came to be felt in Europe, the Ottoman
Empire, and Asia.
Japan's role was newer, as it emerged from isolation to
develop an increasingly powerful economy and to expand
its influence in the western Pacific. Some nations in the
West feared the yellow peril represented by Japan's
emergence as an international power.
The addition of Russia, Japan, and the United States to
the world diplomatic picture increased competition.
Colonial acquisitions by the new powers heightened the
competitive atmosphere, particularly in the Far East.
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HOLY ALLIANCE
DECEMBRIST UPRISINGS
CRIMEAN WAR
EMANCIPATION OF THE SERFS
ZEMSTVOES
TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD
INTELLIGENTSIA
ANARCHISTS
BOLSHEVIKS
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
DUMA
STOLYPIN REFORMS
KULAKS
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TERAKOYA
DUTCH STUDIES
ZAIBATSU
DIET
SINO-JAPANESE WAR
YELLOW PERIL
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NICHOLAS I
ALEXANDER II
SERGEI WITTE
V. I. LENIN
MATTHEW PERRY
MEIJI EMPEROR