Transcript Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire
The Modern Era
(1750-1900)
Remember the Ottomans?
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Conquered Constantinople in 1453:
Istanbul
“Golden Age” under Suleyman
Magnificent in mid 16th c.
Janissaries
Blend Byzantine, Arab, & Persian styles
Dominate overland trade routes
The Acorn . . . specifics
5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism
Iv. There were major developments in transportation and communication including railroads, steamships,
telegraphs and canals.
V.
The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses. C. In a small
number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. (such as the
economic reforms of Meiji Japan, the development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia, China’s SelfStrengthening program or Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt)
5.2 Imperialism and Nation-State Formation
II.
Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world.
C. Anti-imperial
resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire. (such as the establishment of independent states in
the Balkans, semi-independence in Egypt. French and Italian colonies in North Africa or later British
influence in Egypt)
5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
III.
Increasing discontent with imperial rule and the spread of Enlightenment ideas propelled reformist and
revolutionary movements. F. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial
policies. (such as the Tanzimat movement . . .)
Ottoman Empire at beginning of
Modern Era
Ottoman Decline (18th & 19th c.):
the Sick Man of Europe
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Government corruption, ineptitude, series of
assassinations
Competition from European products &
usurpation of trade routes by Europeans led
to economic decline
Intellectual stagnation
Challenges to the Ottoman Empire
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The West: Napoleon invaded Muslim heartland of
Egypt in 1798 & quickly conquered weak Ottoman
Egyptian forces. He was only expelled because of
British aid/alliance.
Decentralization: As the empire decayed, regional
forces from within the Empire began to emerge.
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Inspired by Enlightenment ideas & nationalistic fervor,
Christian regions of the Balkans rebelled with European
encouragement & achieved independence.
Muhammad Ali strengthens & separates Egypt
Greek War for Independence:
1821-1832
Crimean War: 1854-1856
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Otto, FR, & Brit v. Russia
Origins: Russian
expansionism & conflict
over holy lands
Used railways & telegraphs
and female nurses
Ended with agreement to
respect Ottoman’s
independence & territorial
integrity --keep “The sick
man of Europe” around
Muhammad Ali
“Father of Modern Egypt”
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Ottoman sultan appointed him as governor (pasha) over Egypt
in 1805.
Instituted lots of reforms:
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Land reform
Tax system
Euro-style bureaucracy
Agricultural improvements …led to LOTS of cotton production -Egypt became one of world’s largest cotton producers
Modern printing press & education systems
Military reformed along Euro lines
Even tried to overthrow Ottomans …but prevented by French
& British --why would the French & British care/interfere???
British take over Egypt
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When Muhammad Ali died in 1848, Egypt was most
powerful state in Mid East, but it quickly declined.
Completion of Suez Canal in 1869 made Egypt of vital
strategic importance to the British as a link to their colonies
in India & Africa.
Modernization (including the canal) was expensive & Egypt
had a LOT of foreign debt.
After the US Civil War when world cotton market collapsed
from overproduction, Egypt couldn’t pay its international
debts ….
… So, Britain took control of state finances & the Suez
Canal. After putting down a nationalist uprising in 1882,
Britain made Egypt a protectorate.
The Suez Canal gives ‘the lion’s share’
to the British with the key to India
Tanzimat Reforms
Increasing discontent and the spread of Enlightenment ideas propelled reformist and
revolutionary movements (so says the Acorn) such as . . . . Tanzimat Reforms
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mid 19th century
attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, (army,
education, legal reforms)
Decrees guaranteed public trials, equality before the law
regardless if Muslim or not etc
Inspired by Enlightenment thought
encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic
groups, to stem the tide of nationalist movements within
the Ottoman Empire.
Demise of the Ottoman Empire
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end of the 19th c, Ottomans remained as last independent
Muslim state …but weak.
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Reforms were too little, too late; opposed by Religious
conservatives
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Early 20th c, group of liberals (Young Turks) deposed
autocratic ruler & instituted more reforms. But they ended up
supporting Germany & Austria-Hungary in WWI, & after the
war the empire was broken up & occupied by foreign powers
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From its ruins, a new Islamic state, the Republic of Turkey
rose.
The Young Turks Revolt: 1908
 The Committee of Union and Progress
(CUP).
 Enver Pasha
 Mehmet Talaat
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Grand Vizier,
1917-1918
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Minister of War
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Ottoman Commanderin-Chief
The Young Turks Program
 Pushed for reforms  basic
democratic rights:
 freedom of speech.
 freedom of assembly.
 freedom of the press.
 Problem of nationalism within
(heterogeneous empire).
The Ottoman Empire in 1914
Varied Reaction to European Domination
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Westernization: copy the social, political,
economic, & military structure of West. Usually
these reforms affected only educated elites &
political change was superficial.
Nationalism: which kind do you think??
Resistance: some hated Euro political & economic
domination that often accompanied reform; lots of
anti-Western riots & wars with European countries
Islamic Fundamentalism: especially in Sudan as
led by Mahdi in 1881.